In simple bullet points, what are the main improvements that have made our study of the tree of life far more rigourous since its appearence in Darwin's work?

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Nelly StrackeLv2

28 Sep 2019

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Like all scientific theories, the theory of evolution has undergone some alteration since it was originally proposed â we know a lot more now than we did 150 years ago, and a lot of aspects of Darwin's original proposal have undergone a variety of different kinds of testing and subsequent modifications. One of the things that Darwin didn't apparently get quite right is the pacing of speciation. His primary concept of this phenomenon is generally referred to as "Darwinian Gradualism." Explain just what gradualism is. What is the alternative proposal offered by S.J. Gould and Niles Eldredge? What major body of evidence supports Gould and Eldredge's theory over Darwin's? And finally, are the two proposals mutually exclusive? (In other words, if one is a correct description of the pacing of evolutionary change, must the other necessarily be false?)

OVERVIEW:

As we already know probiotics are microorganisms that provide us with health benefits when they are consumed. For this study healthy adults who have no previous history of probiotic consumption, any drugs, no vitamins or supplements and no special diet will be selected. To see the effect of probiotic on the gut microbiome, fecal samples of all participants will be collected and tested for the presence of any administered combination of microorganisms and any new microbial species that may have grew in the gut due to probiotic consumption. Fecal sampling will be done before probiotic consumption starts and will also be conducted throughout certain intervals throughout the study.

To see total anti-oxidative activity a linolenic acid test will be performed before the start of this study and during the determined intervals throughout the study.

All results at the end of the study will go through statistical analysis in order to determine if results are significant or not. Study will only be successful if there is change in the amount of oxidative stress before and after probiotic consumption .

If this probiotic formulation is effective gut microflora and total antioxidative activity will increase.

QUESTION:

Could you go into more detail of how you would do this analysis? How would you examine the population of the microbiota, and what parameters would you use to decide whether new microbial species were present?

I would add that you could see changes in composition that don't actually mean the appearence or dissappearence of a species (OTU). Do you have a plan to account for this?

what are two examples of discoveries in genetics (besides epigenetics) that have led to the realization that genetic mapping is not as simple as genes being linked or not?

how have they added layers to our current understanding of mapping and gene expression? why have they made studying gene linkage somewhat tricky?