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GMO

What possible negative effects could there be on the environment?

Might economic pressures (for example, in countries where a significant proportion of the population is food-insecure) outweigh the environmental concerns in some countries but not others?

What are current regulations in U.S. about production and labeling of GMOs? What are current regulations in other countries?

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Deanna Hettinger
Deanna HettingerLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Comprehensive Final Essay: Perverse Subsidies
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Part III – Just How “Identical” Are We?

Elise had been home from college for a week, and she was still preoccupied with Shannon’s diagnosis and her own potential risk for mental illness. Elise expressed her anxiety and concerns to her mother one night after dinner. “Elise,” her mother said, “your concerns are perfectly valid, and you have every reason to want to get more information. Why don’t we make you an appointment to consult with a psychiatrist?” Elise decided to make the appointment the next day. * * * * * Elise left Dr. O’Brien’s offi ce feeling that some of the weight had been lifted from her shoulders. On the car ride home, she thought about the things that Dr. O’Brien had said to her during their consultation. “It was good of you to come in to see me, Elise. You are absolutely right to have concerns for yourself when your identical twin has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Research shows that schizophrenia is almost 50% heritable, and since you share nearly identical DNA with your sister, that puts you at a higher risk for developing this disease as well.” “Fifty percent may sound like a scary number, but remember that schizophrenia is a very complex disease, and 50% of what causes schizophrenia is due to things other than your DNA.” “Well, like what? What else could be contributing to Shannon’s schizophrenia that wouldn’t necessarily aff ect me?” Elise asked. Dr. O’Brien replied, “Th ere are many, many environmental infl uences that seem to play a role in the development of this disease, such as increased stresses and anxiety, or diffi cult relationships with other people. Interestingly, there is some groundbreaking research that is going on that suggests that the environment itself might even play a role at infl uencing one’s DNA at the molecular level. Th is concept is called epigenetics. An example of epigenetics in nature is the calico cat. Each calico cat has a unique orange and black fur color pattern because of alterations, called epigenetic changes, which occur within the cells that produce coat color during the cat’s development. Research in the fi eld of epigenetics suggests that individuals with schizophrenia appear to have some of these epigenetic changes to their DNA that are due to environmental infl uences, and that these alterations could be contributing to their development of mental illness.” “But wouldn’t I also have these ‘epigenetic alterations’ in my DNA?” Elise asked. “Not necessarily, because you and Shannon have not experienced completely identical environments throughout your lives. For example, you and Shannon have had diff erent teachers and jobs throughout high school. And I also understand that you spent many childhood summers with a friend and her family out in the Grand Canyon, while your sister was off at swim camps. If you are interested, I can give you some literature to read about this subject.” Elise was defi nitely interested. She took the articles and headed home.

1. Briefly describe what you know about the structure of DNA and how DNA is packaged in a cell.

2. At the molecular level, speculate on some ways that the environment might have an infl uence on DNA and its packaging

Question:

Organisms living in Antarctica are thought to be particularly susceptible to change in climatic conditions. How might future climate changes affect the distribution of Antarctic organisms?

Describe the current Antarctic climate and factors that are likely to affect environmental change. Make predictions about future changes to the environment and how this might impact the distribution of organisms in the region.

Below has the format that it could be answered.

below the template, it has exampler template with different topic.

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------ template

What do you think is the answer to the question? / What is your perspective on the topic? This is your stance or thesis.

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Why do you think this? Give at least three supporting reasons (main points)

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Use your stance and supporting points to build your plan. For each main point give a brief explanation, some evidence and/or examples you will use to support it. Provide references where appropriate.

I. Introduction

Possible ideas for the introduction:

(What does the reader need to know to understand the essay? Write as a statement rather than a question or keyword)

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Proposed thesis statement:

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II. Body - The number of body paragraphs will vary from essay to essay, you choose how many you need.

- Topic sentence:

(Include the main point making it clear how it supports your stance)

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Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references with each fact (author, date)):

Write as a statement of fact not as a question, heading or keyword

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- Topic sentence (include the topic and how it supports your stance):

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Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references (author, date)):

Write as a statement of fact not as a question, heading or keyword

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-Topic sentence (include the topic or how it supports your stance):

-

Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references (author, date)):

Write as a statement rather than a question or keyword

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III. Conclusion:

(What are the broad implications of the essay?)

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DRAFT WRITING

Introduction and first body paragraph

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------- exampler template with different topic

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I. Introduction

Possible ideas for the introduction

Climate change

Process of OA

Somehow lead to SO

Thesis Statement : All organisms living bathed in an acidic environment will incur a metabolic cost as a result of the energy expended to maintain functioning cell chemistry this results in reduced growth and reproductive outputs. As a consequence population numbers will drop with a flow on reduction in overall ecosystem biomass and diversity.

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II. Body

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Main Point: OA has a metabolic cost for all marine organisms and affects growth, reproduction and nutrient value as a food source.[CA2]

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)) :

Most pronounced in small organisms but is variable and dependant on pH

e.g. krill, gill & haemolymph regulation issues (Flores et al, 2012) ;

e.g. phytoplankton, reduced nutritional value;

e.g. shell forming organisms dissolution of CaCO3 shells e.g. pteropods

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Main Point: The metabolic cost on the individual results in lower numbers of individuals in a population.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

This cost results in reduced fertilisation, extended larval development time, deformities

e.g. seastar (Gonzalez-Bernat et al, 2014) detail effects at different pH levels;

e.g. urchin (Sewell et al 2014)

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Main Point: A reduction in biomass of any one species has flow on effects up and down the food chain and could be especially pronounced in the unique Southern Ocean ecosystem.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

SO characterised by high nutrient low productivity, ‘wasp-waist’ structure and short food chains

e.g. phytoplankton as primary producers

e.g. krill as important food source

e.g. pteropods as nutrient cyclers

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Main Point: Reduced food availability will likely alter interspecific interactions and may result in some species being driven to extinction.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

a. competition will increase as a result of less food e.g. between larger birds and mammals as a flow on from loss of krill

b. shell forming species will be at greater risk of predation due to weaker shells

c. e.g. seastars as keystone species maintaining diversity

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III. Conclusion

Effects at organism level will impact on total biomass of that species and those that depend on it for food, therefore the overall productivity and biomass of the SO ecosystem will be reduced and loss of species diversity is expected.

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Other Ideas to Conclude:

Effects growth and reproduction and is especially costly for shell forming organisms.

Will see changes as a result of effects on organisms with key functions within the SO ecosystem.

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Ideas to leave the reader with (clincher):

Global significance of effects of OA on SO (something related to carbon sink and sequestering of Carbon) or perhaps reminding reader that OA is only one consequence of climate change and that organisms will also be at risk from rising sea temps, melting ice, and invasive species.

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