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Which of the following is used by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes to increase the efficiency of protein synthesis?

physically separating transcription and translation into different cellular compartments

performing translation on an RNA molecule while transcription is still underway

using a sigma factor to increase the production of RNA

having multiple ribosomes bind to a single transcript

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Keith Leannon
Keith LeannonLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

1. What reaction is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase and used in the laboratory to generate cDNA?

a. transcription of RNA to DNA

b. transcription of DNA to RNA

c. conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides

d. translation of RNA to DNA

e. conversion of a ribonucleotide to a DNA double helix

2. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine the amount of mRNA arising from a particular gene.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. b and c

3. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine how a primary transcript is converted to mature mRNA

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. a and d

4. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine when a particular mRNA is actually used in protein synthesis.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. None of the above because protein synthesis takes place immediately

5. Under what circumstances do cells selectively activate and suppress their genes?

a. at different stages of embryonic development

b. in different tissues

c. exposure to different types of stimuli

d. No such circumstances exist in nature—cells express all their genes throughout life.

e. a, b and c

6. Which statement about the control of gene expression is FALSE?

a. A single gene may be controlled by different transcription factors.

b. A single transcription factor may be necessary for the expression of different genes.

c. Each cell type has a characteristic pattern of gene transcription, which is determined by the particular complement of transcription factors contained in that cell.

d. Expression of protein genes is primarily controlled in nucleoli

e. Control of gene transcription is complex and influenced by various circumstances.

7. What is thought to maintain X chromosome inactivation in females?

a. DNA acetylation

b. DNA methylation

c. RNA inactivation

d. Histone methylation

e. None of the above because both X chromosomes are active in females and males.

Biochem:

1. Indicate whether the following describes DNA polymerase, RNApolymerase, both, or none:

a. Binds to single stranded DNA

b. Uses an RNA primer

c. Has proof-reading ability

d. Reads from 3' to 5'

e. Phosphodiester bonds are formed using rNTPs

f. Requires a DNA primer

g. Multiple types are present in eukaryotes

h. Mutiple types are present in prokaryotes

i. Is synthesized bi-directionally

j. Requires there to be a terminal sequence on DNA

k. Is part of a larger complex made up of several proteins

2. Post-translational damage causes the loss of the 2' hydoxylgroup on several adenosine nucleotides within the intron sequenceof a primary RNA transcript. What could possible happen to theresulting mature RNA sequence and consequent protein?

3. Where on the below strand of RNA would you most likely findthe following:

a. Start of transcription

b. Start of translation

c. TATA box

d. Enhancers

e. Initiator

f. Activators

g. Repressors

4. How would the following mutation in the template strand ofDNA affect the translated protein? (x=any base, / = exon/intronjunction)

5-XXXXC/CTGAAGAGGAAGXXXXGTTAGXXXXACTCAC/CTCGC-3 to5-CCTGAAGAGGAAXXXXXXXXGTTAGXXXXACTCACCTCGC-3

5. When will there be a 5'-5' linkage in RNA? When is this bondformed? Which base is commonly involved in this process? What wouldhappen if there was an inability in this enzyme to make the 5'-5'likage?

6. Consider the following strand of mRNA. What protein would beproduced if this strand was translated?

5'- CGUAUGCCCUUUACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUAAACC-3'

7. What would be the new protein if the following mutations weremade to the strand in 6? Label/classify each type of mutation.

a. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUUUAACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUUAACC-3'

b. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUUCACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUUAACC-3'

c. 5'- CGUAUGCCCUUUACUAGUAUUGAUACUAGUUAACC-3'

d. 5'- CGUAUGCCCUUGACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUAAACC-3'

e. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUUCACUAGUAUGAGUAACUAGUAACC-3'

f. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUAAACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUAAACC-3'

8. What are examples of two different types of point mutationsin sequences coding for hemoglobin production?

What step in DNA replication precedes the pairing of complementary bases?

A.

polymerization of DNA.

B.

formation of the histone core.

C.

mitotic division.

D.

separation of the two strands.

E.

joining of the two strands.

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the

A.

ribosome.

B.

mitochondria.

C.

cell membrane.

D.

cytoplasm.

E.

nucleus.

Normal human body cells contain how many chromosomes?

A.

46

B.

22

C.

23

D.

44

E.

42

Hershey and Chase performed an experiment in which they used radioactive isotopes to phosphorus and sulfur to label different components of bacterial viruses. Their results clearly showed that

A.

the viruses did not contain protein.

B.

genetic material normally contains radioactive isotopes.

C.

the viruses did not contain DNA.

D.

protein was entering into the infected bacteria.

E.

DNA was entering into the infected bacteria.

A package of histones with DNA wrapped around them forms spherical structures called

A.

nucleosomes.

B.

lysosomes.

C.

ribosomes.

D.

nucleoli.

E.

chromatin.

DNA replication

A.

does not require proteins.

B.

is constantly happening in a cell.

C.

occurs in G1 of interphase.

D.

takes place in the nucleus of the cell.

E.

occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

The two subunits of the ribosome join during

A.

promotion of transcription.

B.

initiation of translation.

C.

termination of transcription.

D.

termination of translation.

E.

elongation.

DNA replication of a single DNA molecule is referred to as semiconservative because

A.

each of the two DNA molecules will consist of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.

B.

all the DNA strands in the two DNA molecules will have both parental and newly synthesized DNA.

C.

it results in two nonidentical DNA molecules.

D.

of the two DNA molecules, one is made up totally of parental DNA, while the other is entirely newly synthesized DNA.

E.

one DNA strand is replicated continuously, while the other must be replicated discontinuously.

The bases are bonded to what part of the backbone of the DNA molecule?

A.

the 4’ carbon atom of the sugar molecule.

B.

the 3’ carbon atom of the sugar molecule.

C.

the 5’ carbon atom of the sugar molecule.

D.

the 1’ carbon atom of the sugar molecule.

E.

the 2’ carbon atom of the sugar molecule.

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