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pearporcupine750Lv1

28 Sep 2019

Briefly explain the main characteristics of the programmed cell death (apoptosis) of a cell and how they can be used to study apoptosis.

Explain why the detection of caspases 3,7 can be used to study apoptosis.

What is the principle behind the fluorescent staining of apoptotic cells with CellEventâ¢ Caspase-3/7 Green Detection Reagent?

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Irving HeathcoteLv2

28 Sep 2019

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Can someone help me answer these questions.

1. Outline the important differences between using primary cell cultures and established cell lines to study cell function.

2. Briefly describe how activation of the âintrinsicâ pathway of apoptosis leads to caspase activation and programmed cell death.

3. Explain what is meant by asymmetric cell division of stem cells and describe briefly its importance and the mechanisms by which it occurs.

4. Describe the main stages of the eukaryote cell cycle.

5. Briefly explain the importance of chondrocytes in osteoblast formation in the skeleton.

6. What role does the sealing zone have in the osteoclast?

7. Explain how the regulation of bone mass is affected by RANK-L secretion by osteocytes.

8. What physical stimuli are thought to initiate osteocyte mechanotransduction?

9. Outline why cells have a membrane potential and how the membrane can have electrical capacitance.

10.Briefly describe how ion channel function in the cell membrane can be measured in real time.

1.In which part of the citric acid cycle does substrate levelphosphorylation occur?

2. Is glucose the only source of energy for cells? If not, at whichphase and in which form do other catabolic products typically getconverted to ATP

3. List all the steps (complexes and carriers), in order that theelectrons from NADH typical pass through before getting oxidizedinto water.

5. a) What would be the effect on ATP production of adding asubstance that makes the mitochondrial membrane leaky to protons?b) What would be the effect on pH of the mitochondrial matrix ofreducing the oxygen supply? c) Suppose that the glucose supply tothe cell is greatly reduced. What would be the effect on CO2production by the mitochondria?

6. Cytochrome c has at least two functions in mammalian cells:(1) in the electron transport chain, and (2) in apoptosis(programmed cell death). Describe what cytochrome c does in thesetwo processes (HINT: refer to chapter 15 for apoptosis relatedinformation).

8. Why do plants shut down the Calvin Cycle in the dark if theirATP and NADPH levels fall?

9. In 1-2 sentences, briefly summarize what occurs duringphotosynthesis in light dependent and light independentreactions

10. How did the evolutionary development of photosynthesis set thestage in turn for the evolution of aerobic respiration?

amethystlocust959

1. Why is the process of gene rearrangement used in creating antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) so important?

A. This is how our systems produce memory of pervious exposures, a key trait in adaptive immune responses.

B. Without it, we would need a single gene for every antibody and TCR required to mount all the possible responses need ed during our lives

C. interactions with antigens stimulate cells to initiate these processes, building the best and strongest response possible to the antigen

D. this is the same DNA altering process that leads to cancer. Understanding it leads to better treatments for cancer

2. Which of the following is NOT an antimicrobial substance?

A. keratin

B. Lysozyme

C. Defensins

D. Lactoferrins

E. Peroxidases

3. Which of the following is NOT an outcome of fever?

A. Direct destruction of microbes

B. increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

C. increased production of lymphocytes

D. increased phagocytic killing by leukocytes

E. increased production of interferons

4. Which of the following pattern recognition receptors is/are anchored in the host cell membrane?

A. Only C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

B. Only RIG-like receptors (RLRs)

C. TLR and CLRs

D. Only toll-like receptors (TLRs)

E. NLRs and RLRs

F. Only NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

5. Fever allows the body to fight microbial invaders by which of the following mechanisms?

A.Fever plays all of these roles in the body

B. Fever prevents microbes with lower optimum temperatures from growing, giving the immune system time to eliminate those cells

C. Fever increases the inflammatory response, but reduces the production of interferons unless the invader is a dsRNA virus

D. A moderate fever reduces the inflammatory response but stimulates phagocytic activity in neutrophils and eosinophils

E. Fever increases the multiplication of lymphocytes and enhances the release of substances that attract basophils that then engulf the microbial invader

6. According to the clonal selection theory

A. Each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody

B. B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

C. Self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus AND B cells producingautoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

D. Seld-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus

7. Apoptosis

A. is a form of programmed cell death AND is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells

B. refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells

C. is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cell AND results specifically in T cell death

D. results specifically in T cell death AND refers to the transformation of B cells into plama cells

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