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carminedog360Lv1

28 Sep 2019

Provide error rates for processes of replication, transcription,and translation, and justify the evolutionary-established reasonsfor the differences in these rates. The error rate for proteintranslation (error in incorporation of amino acid) in very quicklygrowing E.coli cells can be as high as few percents â howdo these cells do so well despite this handicap?

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Keith LeannonLv2

28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

What is the percent sequence identity between hemoglobin (2HHB) and myoglobin (1A6M)?

	A.	93%
	B.	39.46%
	C.	25.17%
	D.	4.08%

QUESTION 2

Which of the following statements is consistent with the sequence similarity parameter?

	A.	The abundance of amino acids with similar properties that are arranged in the same order is equal to the abundance of identical amino acids.
	B.	These parameters are not related and cannot be compared.
	C.	The abundance of amino acids with similar properties that are arranged in the same order is less than the abundance of identical amino acids.
	D.	The abundance of amino acids with similar properties that are arranged in the same order is higher than the abundance of identical amino acids.

QUESTION 3

Which of the following statements is consistent with the similarity parameter and visualization of the aligned structures?

	A.	Hemoglobin and myoglobin do not have similar structures.
	B.	Hemoglobin and myoglobin have only moderately similar structures, as indicated by the large abundance of gray chains.
	C.	Hemoglobin and myoglobin have very similar structures.
	D.	Hemoglobin and myoglobin are perfectly aligned at every amino acid.

QUESTION 4

Hemoglobin (2HHB) is ___ amino acids shorter than myoglobin; the sequence alignment considers only ___ amino acids, and alignment results show that hemoglobin is missing a contiguous strand of ___ amino acids.

	A.	10; 141; 6
	B.	10; 141; 5
	C.	10; 147; 6
	D.	10; 147; 5

QUESTION 5

Which of the following statements best describes the evolutionary relationship between hemoglobin and myoglobin?

	A.	The low sequence identity indicates that hemoglobin and myoglobin are not related, as tertiary structure cannot be used to study protein evolution.
	B.	Both the high sequence identity and structural similarity suggest that hemoglobin and myoglobin are related.
	C.	The difference in sequence identity and similarity values suggests that hemoglobin and myoglobin are related.
	D.	The high structural similarity suggests that hemoglobin and myoglobin are related, while the low sequence identity suggests that the genes for each protein have diverged through mutation and deletion of several amino acids.

QUESTION 6

The comparison of sequences and tertiary structures in this exercise indicates that:

	A.	only similar amino acid sequences can provide the same tertiary structure.
	B.	different amino acid sequences can provide very similar tertiary structures.

QUESTION 7

The structures of deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin are derived from the same source, have the same exact amino acid sequence and length, and differ only in the presence of noncovalently bound oxygen.

	A.	True
	B.	False

QUESTION 8

When using the Sequencing and Structure Alignment tool, the degree of the structural similarity is shown by the superimposition of the backbones. Accordingly, which of the following statement best describes the comparison of deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin?

	A.	Only slight differences in the backbone traces occur throughout the aligned proteins.
	B.	The only differences in the backbone traces occur near the oxygen-binding sites.
	C.	The backbone traces of the proteins are drastically different.
	D.	The backbone traces of the proteins are identical.

QUESTION 9

The alignment of 2HHB and 1HHO shows that the binding of oxygen results in _______ in the protein.

	A.	minor conformational changes at sites proximal and distal to the oxygen-binding site
	B.	no conformational change
	C.	drastic conformational changes
	D.	minor conformational changes only within the oxygen-binding site

QUESTION 10

The alignment of 2HHB and 1HHO shows that the conformation of the Fe-heme group _____ upon oxygen binding.

	A.	changes
	B.	does not change

Select the statements that correctly represent the theory ofevolution. Select all that apply.

Evolution is partly about inheritance. Evidence of evolution isseen in structures such as wisdom teeth and the tail bone inhumans. These structures are thought to be âleft overâ from ourancestors and no longer appear to have any essential function inmodern humans.

Natural selection means that todayâs organisms are perfectlyadapted after millions of years of fine-tuning. No further changesare necessary because of all the progress that has been made bynatural selection.

We can see evidence of past natural selection in adaptationssuch as the camouflage of moths perched on the bark of their hosttree. We can also see natural selection at work today if we trackhow populations change in rapidly changing environments.

The theory of evolution does not apply to life today. It isstrictly about the history of life: what happened in the past asseen in fossils.

Scientists disagree about the main ideas of evolutionary theorybecause of incomplete or conflicting evidence.

Question 2

Select one answer.

10 points

The ability or tendency of organisms and cells to maintainstable internal conditions is called

metabolism

homeostasis

emergent property

evolution

Question 3

Select one answer.

10 points

Why do organisms maintain fairly steady conditions within theircells and bodies?

They need to keep conditions stable so that they can obtainfood.

Organisms just change along with whatever is happening in theoutside world, which is usually quite steady.

They must maintain stable conditions to keep their enzymesworking and generally to enable the chemical reactions of life.

Unstable conditions will destroy the DNA in cells; this is themost important risk for a cell facing physical or chemicalstress.

Question 4

Select one answer.

10 points

An organism or cell exhibits ____________ when it maintainssteady internal conditions despite changes in the outerenvironment.

homeostasis

evolution

balance

natural selection

Question 5

Select one answer.

10 points

Which type of molecule best illustrates the very strongrelationship between structure and function in biology?

enzymes

oxygen gas

all kinds of organic matter

water

Question 6

Select one answer.

10 points

Which best expresses how nutrients and energy move throughlife?

Nutrients flow from sunlight to organic matter to heat. Energycycles among all life forms.

Nutrients cycle among all life forms. Energy flows from sunlightto chemical energy to heat.

Nutrients and energy both are continually recycled in a greatcircle of life.

Question 7

Select one answer.

10 points

Which of the following is not a recurring theme in biology?

Living organisms maintain homeostasis.

Energy flows through living systems while matter isrecycled.

Evolutionary processes explain both the unity and adaptivediversity of life.

All of these are recurring themes.

Question 8

Select one answer.

10 points

Which statement about evolution is FALSE?

According to evolutionary theory, you are related to abacterium, to a yeast cell, to a snake, and to a whale. In fact,you are related to every species now alive on Earth, and to fossilspecies like dinosaurs as well.

Evolution occurs constantly, without end; there is no endpointin evolution.

Natural selection acts on genetic differences within apopulation to cause evolution. Individuals do not evolve.

Natural selection is about slow but steady progress. Through it,populations constantly get better-adapted. When this process iscompleted for all populations, evolution will come to a stop.

Question 9

Select one answer.

10 points

Imagine you have a peanut butter sandwich in front of you. Thesandwich is an example of _______.

matter

energy

Question 10

Select one answer.

10 points

You provide your gut bacteria with a warm place to live. Theyprovide you with vitamins and other services. This most directlyrepresents an example of...

shared ancestry of all life

natural selection

homeostasis

interdependence of life

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?