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What is herd immunity? How does it work? What evidence do we have for it? What measures are currently taken in the U.S. to maintain it for certain diseases? What is a vaccine? How are vaccines made?

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Elin Hessel
Elin HesselLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

Vaccination (Short Informative Paper)

1.Definition of vaccine/vaccination

a. Describe experiment that lead to discovery of vaccination

2. Describe how a vaccine is made or prepared(i.e. mechanisms for how do they work; in terms of immunity)

3. Explain how vaccines are administered(dosages, administration procedures)

4.Classification of vaccines (Live, attenuated(Bacteria & Viral), inactivated)-distinguish between

a. Describe the course of treatment given if a person is not up to date on vaccination against tetanus

b. Briefly elaborate on the significance of the vaccinia virus in terms of vaccine development/research

5.At least two childhood diseases for which vaccines are available and the name of the vaccines for the diseases.

6. Comparison of HINI flu virus vs influenza “flu” virus

a. Name of the virus(itself that causes the disease) . What type of viruses are they?

b. With HINI: what is the origin. Method of infection, and symptoms of the disorder

c. Why is the flu more prevalent in the winter time?

d. Provide rationales for the seemingly severe flu season/mortality rates we had this past season.

e. vaccines/latest technology for flu

7. Explain how the flu vaccine works: begin with injection and go up to the adaptive immune

response. DO NOT address the development or selection of lymphocytes . Also do not

include details of signal transduction either. Do not address Re-exposure.

--- For this part use outline format and you may include pictures to show the steps in this process

8. To Vaccinate or Not: Problems surrounding vaccines in general. Include your opinion, based on the

evidence presented(i.e. you can use a specific example(s) where there is controversy about a particular

vaccine). b. Is natural immunity better than vaccination? Why or why not?

Vaccination

1.Definition of vaccine/vaccination

a. Describe experiment that lead to discovery of vaccination

2. Describe how a vaccine is made or prepared(i.e. mechanisms for how do they work; in terms of immunity)

3. Explain how vaccines are administered(dosages, administration procedures)

4.Classification of vaccines (Live, attenuated(Bacteria & Viral), inactivated)-distinguish between

a. Describe the course of treatment given if a person is not up to date on vaccination against tetanus

b. Briefly elaborate on the significance of the vaccinia virus in terms of vaccine development/research

5.At least two childhood diseases for which vaccines are available and the name of the vaccines for the diseases.

6. Comparison of HINI flu virus vs influenza “flu” virus

a. Name of the virus(itself that causes the disease) . What type of viruses are they?

b. With HINI: what is the origin. Method of infection, and symptoms of the disorder

c. Why is the flu more prevalent in the winter time?

d. Provide rationales for the seemingly severe flu season/mortality rates we had this past season.

e. vaccines/latest technology for flu

7. Explain how the flu vaccine works: begin with injection and go up to the adaptive immune

response. DO NOT address the development or selection of lymphocytes . Also do not

include details of signal transduction either. Do not address Re-exposure.

--- For this part use outline format and you may include pictures to show the steps in this process

8. To Vaccinate or Not: Problems surrounding vaccines in general. Include your opinion, based on the

evidence presented(i.e. you can use a specific example(s) where there is controversy about a particular

vaccine). b. Is natural immunity better than vaccination? Why or why not?

From time to time, the CDC committee that makes recommendations about vaccines (ACIP) decides to “change their minds” about the use of a particular vaccine, even though we might have been using it for a long time. Each time they do this, there is something about the “old” vaccine they didn’t like, and something about the “new” vaccine that fixes the problem. For each of the following, explain (1) the difference between how the old and the new vaccines function, and (2) how the new vaccine avoids some problem with the old one. If the new vaccine introduces some problem of its own, describe that, too.

A. In 1983 a 23-valent pneumonia vaccine was developed using the polysaccharide capsules from 23 different Strep pneumoniae strains, and was used for elderly people. But in 2015 the ACIP recommended switching to a 13-valent polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (Prevnar-13).

B. In 1997 the recommendation was made to switch from a whole-cell Pertussis vaccine, which had been in use since 1949, to an acellular subunit vaccine.

C. In 1961 we switched from an inactivated Polio vaccine (developed in 1955) to a live attenuated one. Then in 2000 we switched back to the inactivated one. Explain both ACIP decisions. D. In the near future, the decision may be made to switch from the current Flu vaccine (either the live attenuated or the inactivated one) to a DNA-based flu vaccine.

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