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raspberryfrog987Lv1

28 Sep 2019

Many Farmers use a fungicide to rid of their crops of fungaldiseases. What might the long term effects be on soil fertility ifsuch spraying were to be applied over a long period of time?

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Jamar FerryLv2

28 Sep 2019

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. You are interested in continuing the work of Dr Mendes. What is one additional question that you might logically ask about this issue? Justify the question that you propose by logically describing why this is an important question to ask. Design and describe how to run an experiment to test the question you proposed. Be very specific. Make sure that the design is feasible (no growing plants on Jupiter). Include the following: Â· Independent and dependent variables Â· Control variables Â· Equipment and supplies needed Â· Outline the basic protocol to follow. Â· Describe WHY and HOW you will manipulate variables

here is the full question:

Do soil microorganisms protect against crop disease?

The rhizosphere, the soil layer surrounding plant roots, is a complex community in which archaea, bacteria, fungi, and plants interact with one another. After plants are attacked by fungal or bacterial pathogens, soil from the rhizosphere may protect plants from future attacks. Such protective soil is called disease-suppressive.

Researchers investigated whether microorganisms were responsible for the protective effects of disease-suppressive soils. Disease-suppressive soil was obtained from an agricultural field in the Netherlands in which sugar beet crops had previously been attacked by a fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Other soil was collected from the margin of the field. The researchers predicted that soil from the margin would not offer protection against pathogens.

The researchers then planted and raised sugar beets in greenhouses, using 5 different soil treatments. Each soil treatment was applied to 4 pots, and each pot contained 8 plants. The pots were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and placed in greenhouses kept at 20Â°C with a 16-hour light: 8-hour dark cycle. After 20 days, researchers determined the percentage of infected sugar beet seedlings for each soil treatment. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.

Soil Treatment	Percentage of Seedlings with Fungal Disease
Disease-suppressive soil	3.0
Soil from margin of field	62
Soil from margin of field +10% disease-suppressive soil	39
Disease-suppressive soil heated to 50âC for 1 hour	31
Disease-suppressive soil heated to 80âC for 1 hour	70

(Data from R. Mendes, et al. Deciphering the rhizosphere for disease-suppressive bacteria, Science 332: 1097-1100 (2011)).

In thinking about triclosan, (i) The bacterial cell yield (Y) for triclosan is low. Provide a bacterial explanation as to why.(ii) Are soil bacteria just as susceptible to the effects of triclosan as human bacteria? Disturbing soil bacteria, in an otherwise healthy soil, could have what effect on the soil environment? Provide two examples. Could these same disturbances also occur to the human microbiome? You may use physical and/or metabolic examples. Be specific regarding the effects..

What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?

The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains

How many children the person had

How many conflicts they have been part of

The time of year the person died

The type of plants they may have been consuming

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What is the difference between genetically-modified and transgenic crops?

Transgenic crops are a type of genetically-modified crops, in which scientists have inserted genes from another species.

Transgenic crops are illegal, while genetically-modified crops are not.

Genetically-modified crops are produced using modern techniques, while transgenic crops are produced through classical breeding.

They are the same.

Genetically-modified crops are a type of transgenic crop specifically bred for high yield.

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Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:

Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity.

Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

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In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?

It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies.

It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world.

It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory.

It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill.

Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists.

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What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?

Landraces are grown in dry conditions; classically bred crops are wetland species

Landraces cannot be harvested using domesticated animals; classically bred crops can be harvested using domesticated animals.

Landraces are often (though not always) developed by unintentional processes; classically bred crops are developed by intentionally breeding for desired traits using modern techniques

Landraces are not edible by humans; classical bred crops can be eaten

Landraces have no means of seed dispersal; classically bred crops can readily disperse their seeds

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The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:

Defend themselves.

Disperse seeds.

Create oxygen.

Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen.

Disperse seeds and defend themselves.

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Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:

Producing the first transgenic plant.

His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases.

His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation.

Creating the FlavrSavr tomato.

His discovery of the area of origin for maize.

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If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________.

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In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:

A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling.

Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture.

The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment.

That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ

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The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:

Human populations were often starving, and needed an additional food source

Only grasses, not legumes, were repeatedly domesticated

Both contain almost all of the amino acids our bodies need to build proteins.

Early technologies allowed early agriculturalists the ability to communicate with each other over long distances to discuss what plants were best for domestication.

Both already possessed all of the traits needed for domestication

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Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?

A houseplant is moved to a sunnier location and it starts to grow more vigorously.

Your pet walks to the door when it hears your car in the driveway.

A giraffe with a longer neck survives a drought year, while one with a shorter neck does not.

Over time, a gene for disease resistance becomes more frequent in a population of plants.

A crop has a higher yield after fertilizer is added.

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Which of the following types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting?

Community gardens

Alternative farms (crickets, caterpillars, other arthropods)

All of these types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting

Vertical farms

CSA farms

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______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.

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Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:

High within variety and low between variety diversity

Low within variety and high between variety diversity

Low within variety diversity

High between variety diversity

High within variety and high between variety diversity