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Physiology or Biology Wiz

Illustrate our current knowledge of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus control of energy balance and contrast it to the control in seasonal mammals to substantiate the statement.

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Casey Durgan
Casey DurganLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Question 7 options:

Social

Physical

Emotional

Intellectual

Occupational

Spiritual
1.

We benefit from being involved in structured opportunities that help us to develop functional and transferable skills.
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Optimal wellness is met through the combination of good exercise and eating habits, which also often lead to enhanced self-esteem, self-control, determination and a sense of direction.
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Wellness is improved as we contribute to the common welfare of our community.
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A well person expand his or her knowledge and skills while discovering the potential for sharing his or her gifts with others.
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We discover our value systems, and find meaning in our lives, through experiences that lead to doubt, fear, despair and disappointment as well as those that foster pleasure, joy, happiness and discovery.
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By taking responsibility for our actions, and managing life in personally rewarding ways, we can see life as an exciting and hopeful adventure.

Alex and Stephanie want to have a baby but have been encountering some difficulty. After trying for a year they decide to see a fertility expert. After running many different tests, the fertility expert discovers that Alex has a very low sperm count but normal levels of testosterone in his blood. The fertility expert also discovers that, during a one month period, Stephanie’s levels of estrogen do not change or fluctuate but are rather always at the same level. 1. When considering Stephanie’s situation, what is the most direct result of her difficulty to conceive? (1.5 points) 2. What endocrine pathways/physiology would explain how Alex can have normal levels of testosterone but have a low sperm count? (1.5 points) 3. Stephanie has been admitted to the hospital and is ready to deliver. a. As labor progresses, how will her levels of oxytocin change compared to prior to labor? (.25 points) b. What is the integrating center for this pathway? 4. Oxytocin acts on its target cells by binding to receptors on the cell surface. With this information is oxytocin a peptide or steroid hormone and is it stored and released upon stimulus or made on demand? Explain your reasoning with your cell physiology knowledge (0.75 points) 5. What type of feedback is occurring as her levels of oxytocin change? Explain why. (1 points) 6. Oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary, is this chemical considered a hormone, neurohormone, neurotransmitter, autocrine or paracrine agent? Explain why (said otherwise, why is it not the other four types?) (.5 for chemical, 1 point for explanation) 7. It’s often said (though not always true) that breast-feeding is a form of birth control because you don’t have to worry about getting pregnant during this time period, but we know some women do get pregnant while breast-feeding. How could this be? What feedback mechanisms/physiology point to your reasoning? (1.5 point)

Question #08: Basic physiology of the Reproductive System The question for this week is as follows: From a conceptual view of nerve cell connectivity and function describe a mechanism that would allow for a hypothalamic network of GnRH (or two GnRH sub-networks e.g. tonic vs. phasic) to synchronize both its tonic (or basal pulsatile gonadotropin release) and its phasic (or preovulatory surge like release of gonadotropin) operation, as it is observed during the estrous or menstrual reproductive cycles. Consider how the pulsatile output of such hypothalamic network might affect gonadotropin release during puberty, reproductive adulthood and menopause (aging). Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question the structure is defined as the GnRH neuronal network (or two GnRH sub-networks e.g. tonic vs. phasic) and you should define a specific function common to puberty, reproductive adulthood and menopause (aging). Hint: think on “the circle”.

The four sub-questions to be used in answering most recitation questions are:

a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”). This answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its function (F) is …”. In same cases a second sentence might be needed.

b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correct”. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true.

c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as “c1, c2, and c3”). These answers should look as follows: “c1.- molecular” or any level of organization involved in your “a” answer (S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your “a” answer. Finally, “c3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”.

d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”). These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer, that you named in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.

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