Question

1. What common cytokines induce differentiation of TH1 and TH2subsets?

2. Put the number of the correct description from Column B beforeeach term in Column. Use each term only once.

   Column A

   Column B

   ___ cytokines ___ Tc cell ___ pathogen ___ active immunity ___ MHC molecule ___ epitope ___ passive immunity ___ plasma cells ___ Th cell ___ adjuvant

   1. generates an immune response after vaccination 2. the direct transfer of a specific antibody into a host 3. B cell that secretes an antibody 4. displays CD8 glycoproteins on its surface 5. organism that causes a disease 6. presents antigens to TCR can recognize it 7. displays CD4 glycoproteins on its surface 8. immunologically active region of an antigen 9. enhances the immunogenicity of antigens 10 molecules that signal cells to perform functions

3. Explain why burn victims are at extreme risk for infection.Which type of immunity is compromised in these patients? (3marks)
4. What are the three types of cells capable of phagocytosis? Howare microbes recognized by phagocytic cells?
5. What do reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogenspecies (RNS) do to microbial cells? List one reactive oxygenspecies that phagocytic cells produce .
6. Where are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located? What TLR wouldrecognize a bacterium that possesses a flagellum? What result doesTLR-bacterium binding produce and how would that trigger an innateimmune response?
7. What is the acute phase response (APR)? What are the maincytokines and a few of the proteins are involved in it? What doesthis response contribute to innate immunity?
8. What is septic shock? Describe the role of LPS in causingsepsis.