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16 Nov 2018

What are the biological conditions that we need to know to determine why we can't drink seawater. For example, what is the concentration of total salts in human blood?

What are the effects of drinking fluids that have more or less salt than blood? How much salt in water (what concentration) can humans drink before they are sick?

How much saltwater can we drink before we die?

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Elin HesselLv2

19 Nov 2018

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It took the diagnosis of high blood pressure (hypertension) at theage of 45 to shock Max into taking better care of himself. A formercollege football player, he had let himself go, eating too muchjunk food, drinking too much alcohol, sitting on his chubby bottomfor the majority of the last two decades, and even indulging in thefrequent habit of smoking cigars. Max's physician had to prescribetwo different antihypertensive medications in order to get hisblood pressure under control. She also prescribed regular exercise,a low-salt diet, modest alcohol intake, and smoking cessation. Maxwas scared, really scared. His father had hypertension at a youngage as well, and ended up on dialysis before dying fromcomplications of kidney failure.

Fortunately for Max, he took his doctor's advice and began adramatic lifestyle change that would bring him to his present-daysituation. Now, at the age of 55, he was a master triathlon athletewho routinely placed among the top five tri-athletes of the sameage group in the country. Max's competitive spirit had been ignitedby this, but at the same time he wanted to be first among hispeers. To that end, he hired Tracey, a Certified Clinical ExerciseSpecialist, to help him gain the edge he needed to win at the endof the race. His most immediate concern was that he wasexperiencing problems with dehydration and fatigue because hehadn't found an effective way to drink enough fluids whileexercising.

Tracey showed Max an impressive array of assessment tools forquantifying and analyzing his physiological state before, during,and after his workouts. One of the tools was urinalysis, which Maxfound a bit odd, but he dutifully supplied urine samples on aregular, prescribed basis. Tracey explained that Max's hydrationstatus was tricky due to the medication he took to control hishypertension, and that renal status (as measured in the urinalysis)was one of the tools she could use to evaluate his physiologicalstate. Tracey logs the following results of Max's urinalysisimmediately after, and six hours after, a rigorous 2-hour run.

Time	Color	SpecificGravity	Protein	Glucose	pH
Before exercise	pale yellow	1.002	absent	absent	6.0
Immediately afterexercise	dark yellow	1.035	small amount	absent	4.5
Six hours afterexercise	yellow	1.025	absent	small amount	5.0

Given the correlationbetween urine color and urine concentration, which of the followingstatements is true about Max's urine?

Given the correlation between urine color and urine concentration,which of the following statements is true about Max's urine?

	Max'surine is most concentrated before exercise.
	Max'surine is most dilute immediately post-exercise.
	Max'surine is least concentrated six hours post-exercise.
	Max'surine is most dilute before exercise.

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PartB

Max needs to drink morewater before exercise to avoid dehydration.

Max needs to drink more water before exercise to avoid dehydration.

	True
	False

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PartC

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH),which regulates urine concentration and dilution, is__________.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulates urine concentration anddilution, is __________.

	highestsix hours after Max exercises
	highestbefore Max exercises
	lowestimmediately after Max exercises
	lowestbefore Max exercises

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PartD

Max is curious about theprotein content of his urine. Which of these statements provides anaccurate basis for Tracey's response, explaining normalconditions?

Max is curious about the protein content of his urine. Which ofthese statements provides an accurate basis for Tracey's response,explaining normal conditions?

	Mostproteins pass through the glomerular membrane and are present invarying amounts in urine.
	Fewproteins are small enough to pass through the glomerular membrane,but the few that do are reabsorbed. So, proteins are not usuallypresent in urine.
	Allproteins are negatively charged and too large to pass through theglomerular membrane. So, proteins are not normally present inurine.
	Mostproteins pass through the glomerular membrane and are reabsorbed.So, proteins are not present in urine.

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PartE

Tracey knows that the largepizza Max consumed just prior to collecting his third urine samplecaused a transient increase in his blood glucose levels. What canbe accurately said about the relationship between glucose in theblood and the amount of glucose filtered through the glomerularmembrane?

Tracey knows that the large pizza Max consumed just prior tocollecting his third urine sample caused a transient increase inhis blood glucose levels. What can be accurately said about therelationship between glucose in the blood and the amount of glucosefiltered through the glomerular membrane?

	Glucoserequires a transport protein to get through the glomerularmembrane, so glucose in the filtrate cannot increase even whenblood glucose concentration is high.
	Theglomerular membrane prevents glucose from entering the filtrateunless blood glucose concentration is abnormally high.
	Thehigher the blood glucose concentration, the more glucose isfiltered through the glomerular membrane.
	Onlysmall glucose molecules can filter through the glomerular membrane,but high blood glucose concentration increases the amount ofglucose in the filtrate.

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PartF

Tracey explains to Max thathis transiently elevated blood glucose leads to "spilling" ofglucose into his urine. Why does this happen?

Tracey explains to Max that his transiently elevated blood glucoseleads to "spilling" of glucose into his urine. Why does thishappen?

	Thetubule cells are unable to reabsorb any glucose that enters thefiltrate.
	Tubulecells inhibit glucose production when blood levels areelevated.
	Reabsorption of glucose is limited by transport proteins.
	Thetubule cells actively secrete excess glucose into thefiltrate.

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PartG

During strenuous exercise,Max's body produces lactic acid and his blood pH begins to decline.His kidneys go to work to preserve acid-base balance by doing allof the following EXCEPT __________.

During strenuous exercise, Max's body produces lactic acid and hisblood pH begins to decline. His kidneys go to work to preserveacid-base balance by doing all of the following EXCEPT __________.

	generating new bicarbonate
	reabsorbing bicarbonate
	secretinghydrogen
	reabsorbing hydrogen

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PartH

What does the color ofMax's urine tell Tracey about how concentrated or dilute it is? Howdoes Max's urine color/concentration compare to the urine specificgravity at the same time?

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PartI

Based on the urine colorand specific gravity, what might Tracey conclude about thehydration status of Max's body at the three different times?

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PartJ

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)regulates the formation of concentrated or dilute urine. In whichtime period is Max's body secreting its highest amount of ADH?Explain your answer.

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PartK

Tracey knows thatproteinuria (protein in the urine) after intense exercise isphysiological (normal). However, protein is typically not presentin urine. Why is that?

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PartL

Tracey had been slightlyconcerned about the trace glucose that was found in Max's urine sixhours after his exercise until she discovered that he had eaten anentire large pizza an hour before the urinalysis. Explain whyglucose might show up in Max's urine after a particularly heavymeal.

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PartM

Lactic acid accumulationcan be a consequence of intense exercise. Tracey notes that Max'skidneys are working to defend his body against acidosis. How canshe tell? Describe this mechanism.

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PartN

Based on Max's urinalysisdata, should he drink more water prior to exercise to ensure thathe doesn't dehydrate during intense activity? Explain youranswer.

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PartO

Max's regular exerciseregimen has reduced his high blood pressure, allowing him toachieve normal blood pressure on a single antihypertensivemedication. The medication he takes is called an angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor, or ACE inhibitor, which blocks theactivation of angiotensin II. Describe at least two mechanisms bywhich angiotensin II targets the kidneys to increase extracellularfluid volume and, therefore, increase blood pressure.

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ceruleansheep578

1. Asbestosis is a disease that results in damage to the lungsbecause (there may be more than one answer)

a. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

b. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

c. the lysosomes that absorb the asbestos release enzymes thatkill the lung tissue cells

d. the lung tissue becomes scarred and can nolonger function tobring oxygen into the blood

2. Which of the phases of cellular respiration breaks down theglucose molecule?

a. glycolysis

b. transition reaction

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport chain

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasmamembrane?

a. allows all substances to enter the cell

b. helps bind cells to eachother so that they can form tissuesand organs

c. allows the cell to recognize other cells

d. allows cells to "talk" to eachother

4. Which of the following mechanisms of transport across thecell requires energy?

a. osmosis

b. endocytosis

c. facilitated diffusion

d. active transport

5. Which of the following organelles acts as the "powerhouse" ofthe cell, i.e. it produces the cell's energy.

a. nucleus

b. mitochondria

c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d. rough endoplasmic reticulum

6. Figure 3.9 in your textbook demonstrates what happens to ared blood cell when it is put into varying solutions. The bags inthe beakers represent a single red blood cell.

What happens to a red blood cell when it is put into ahypertonic solution?

a. stays the same and is fully functional

b. shrinks and no longer functions the way it's supposed to

c. gets larger and no longer functions the way it's supposedto

d. the shape stays the same but the red blood cell is no longerfunctional

7. Which of the following real-life situations would result inthe blood (note that this is referring to the liquid part of theblood, not the blood cells - the accurate name for this wouldactually be "blood plasma") becoming too hypotonic?

a. getting stranded in the middle of a dessert and becomingseverely dehydrated

b. drinking gatorade to replenish fluids during a basketballgame

c. drinking too much water so that your body can't get rid ofthe water quickly enough to maintain the appropriate blood plasmatonicity

d. being stranded in the middle of the ocean, drinking the saltyocean water

8. The golgi complex acts as the "UPS" of the cell - itprocesses and packages materials and sends them to theirdestinations.

True

False

9. The lysosome acts as the "stomach" of the cell; it digestsparticles that are no longer needed in the cell or have been takenup into the cell to be broken down.

True

False

10. We need oxygen to survive because oxygen is needed to breakdown glucose to form ATP. When we are deprived of oxygen, our cellssuddenly stop producing ATP and we can only survive for a fewminutes with whatever ATP remains in our cells.

True

False

tancockroach913

1.What is an ecological footprint? What is the greatestcontribution that you make to your footprint? How could you reduceit?

2. Are humans a keystone species? Support your answer.

3. Why does community connectedness matter?

4. Why does community change matter?

5. What kind of environmental features favor pioneer species,what kind favor climax/late succession species? What kinds ofadaptations favor pioneer species, and what kinds favor climaxspecies?

5. What do we mean when we say that landscapes are stable?

6. What would a community ecologist be able to learn from the USCensus?

7. What does evolution have to do with community ecology?

8. What role does disturbance play in ecology? Giveexamples.

9. You will be expected to be able to calculate species richnessand determine evenness and species diversity indices.

10. You will be expected to make a connection between carryingcapacity, population growth, and community succession in NewJersey.

11. What are the factors that can or could influence thecarrying capacity of NJ?

12. Rank the following three factors in terms of their impact onhuman carrying capacity: space availability, food availability,money availability.

13. Why are some invasive species more successful (i.e. havegreater fitness) in their introduced environment compared to theirnative environment?

14. What is global change about and how do our actions affectit? How is NJ going to be affected by global change?

15. Why, if it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winterin the northern hemisphere, do we see an overall increase in globalCO2 concentrations?

16. What is a dead zone and how is it created? What humanactivity (ies) help create a dead zone?

17. How would a fire that burns most of a forest affect theenergy, water, nutrient, and carbon cycles?

18. What are ecosystem services? Give an example of two.

19. Show how the energy and carbon cycles are inter-related.Explain what is happening in your diagram.

20. You need to be able to explain why nitrogen is important andwhy too much nitrogen is bad.

21. Which gas is more important for global warming:CO₂ or methane? Why?

22. What are the major carbon sinks and sources on earth?

23. What evidence do we have that CO2 concentration of theatmosphere has increased in the last 200 years and what evidence dowe have that that increase is due to human activity?

24. What is happening to our oceans in response to the increasein CO2 in the atmosphere. Be complete, there is more than one partto this answer.

25. How do we know that global warming is and will have animpact on populations, communities, and ecosystems?

26. Given what we know about Japanese knotweed, global change,and human activity, explain the interactions and consequences ofJapanese knotweed invasion on our water supply. You need toinclude, the physiology of the plant, the population ecology of theplant, the water cycle (ecosystems), and global change.

27. Regional climate change models predict that this area willget warmer and receive more rainfall. They also predict thatagriculture (i.e. growing plants) will suffer. Explain why. Becomplete in your answer. There are several factors at workhere.

28. Why are sea-levels increasing globally? Give a detailedanswer. What are some likely consequences going to be (other thanlosing land).