BIO230H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Gtpase, Hydrolysis, Clathrin
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31 Jan 2018
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BIO230H1 Full Course Notes
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Signaling through the use of small molecules, and many others, but small molecules are the core of these examples. Independently of plasma membrane proteins: through plasma membrane channels, downstream of plasma membrane g-protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) 1 signaling via small molecules independent of plasma membrane proteins. Simple diffusion: hydrophobic molecules molecules can signal from outside to inside the cell without a channel or receptor, core of the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic, so hydrophilic molecules won"t be able to go through. Smooth muscle surrounds blood vessels, affecting blood pressure. Small hydrophobic signaling molecules: steroid hormones, made from cholesterol, affect sexual characteristics and metabolism, thyroid hormones, made from tyrosine. Increase metabolic rate: retinoids, made from vitamin a, regulate development, vitamin d, affects metabolism. Steroid hormones differ in side chains, affecting surface structures and their interactions with proteins in the cell: cortisol, estradiol, testosterone.