BIO 325 Chapter Notes - Chapter 16: 28S Ribosomal Rna, Zinc Finger, Dnainfo.Com

40 views6 pages

fuchsiareindeer237

23 Dec 2016

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Textbook Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Genetics unit 16 transcription - process of creating rna from dna. Intermediate step prokaryotes - transcription and translation can occur simultaneously eukaryotes - have a nuclear membrane that separates transcription and translation operon - -prokaryotes. Basic regulatory unit of transcription cistron - -may have several present in operon. Sequence that will eventually be translated as a protein. Usually related to each other: if more than one, they will be turned off or on as a unit prokaryotes - cistron is present. P or e prokaryotes - considered to be polycistronic if cisterns are present in the operon. P or e eukaryotes - one protein-coding gene per transcript. Size of protein determines the size of this. Info that will eventually be translated into a protein. Usually 1-3 kb, but can be up to 1 megabase long nucleus - where is the mrna located when it is referred to as pre-mrna? trna - -used in translation.

Related Questions

Biochem:

1. Indicate whether the following describes DNA polymerase, RNApolymerase, both, or none:

a. Binds to single stranded DNA

b. Uses an RNA primer

c. Has proof-reading ability

d. Reads from 3' to 5'

e. Phosphodiester bonds are formed using rNTPs

f. Requires a DNA primer

g. Multiple types are present in eukaryotes

h. Mutiple types are present in prokaryotes

i. Is synthesized bi-directionally

j. Requires there to be a terminal sequence on DNA

k. Is part of a larger complex made up of several proteins

2. Post-translational damage causes the loss of the 2' hydoxylgroup on several adenosine nucleotides within the intron sequenceof a primary RNA transcript. What could possible happen to theresulting mature RNA sequence and consequent protein?

3. Where on the below strand of RNA would you most likely findthe following:

a. Start of transcription

b. Start of translation

c. TATA box

d. Enhancers

e. Initiator

f. Activators

g. Repressors

4. How would the following mutation in the template strand ofDNA affect the translated protein? (x=any base, / = exon/intronjunction)

5-XXXXC/CTGAAGAGGAAGXXXXGTTAGXXXXACTCAC/CTCGC-3 to5-CCTGAAGAGGAAXXXXXXXXGTTAGXXXXACTCACCTCGC-3

5. When will there be a 5'-5' linkage in RNA? When is this bondformed? Which base is commonly involved in this process? What wouldhappen if there was an inability in this enzyme to make the 5'-5'likage?

6. Consider the following strand of mRNA. What protein would beproduced if this strand was translated?

5'- CGUAUGCCCUUUACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUAAACC-3'

7. What would be the new protein if the following mutations weremade to the strand in 6? Label/classify each type of mutation.

a. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUUUAACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUUAACC-3'

b. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUUCACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUUAACC-3'

c. 5'- CGUAUGCCCUUUACUAGUAUUGAUACUAGUUAACC-3'

d. 5'- CGUAUGCCCUUGACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUAAACC-3'

e. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUUCACUAGUAUGAGUAACUAGUAACC-3'

f. 5'-CGUAUGCCCUAAACUAGUAUGUGAUACUAGUAAACC-3'

8. What are examples of two different types of point mutationsin sequences coding for hemoglobin production?

pearbeaver961

1) In the wildtype (the DNA sequence most commonly found in nature) lac operon, transcription is severely down-regulated. A mutation in lacI that causes an early stop codon in the sequence (called a lacI - strain) results in an operon that has high levels of transcription of the polycistronic m-RNA. What type of regulatory protein is the LacI protein (hint: we covered this type of protein in lecture)?

The Lac regulatory protein is called a repressor. (is this correct)

2) If a bacterium with a wildtype lac operon is grown in the presence of lactose, high levels of transcription result for a while, however, eventually transcription is again down-regulated. If, on the other hand, the sugar IPTG is present (instead of lactose), transcription levels are high and remain high. What function do IPTG and lactose share? How are they differently affected by the operon product? (need help with this question)

Lactose and IPTG affected by the operon are both inducers of the Lac-Operon. (is this correct)

3) What is âepigeneticsâ? What forms of gene regulation are usually involved in epigenetic control of a trait? Why do we have such a limited understanding of epigenetic processes? (need help with this question)

Epigenetics is the study of phenotype changes that do not change the DNA sequence. Genes can be turned on and off based on environment situations of past generations, (parents or even grandparents) were exposed. Examples of some environmental factors could be diet, stress, smoking, drinking alcohol, and diseases. Histone modification and methylation are usually involved in epigenetic control of a trait. (is this correct)

22. What is probably the single most important distinction between bacteria and eukaryotes?

a. transcription

b. the separation of the cell's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm

c. the existence of ribosomes

d. RNA processing in bacteria

e. antibiotics

23. Which one does NOT characterize an open reading frame (ORF)

a. Uses six reading frames during translation

b. Contains a start codon

c. Contains a stop codon

d. Its length is in multiples of 3 nucleotides

e. It should have the number of codons for a protein or on average ~250 codons in length.

24. Nested intronic genes lie within the non-coding intronic region of a larger gene, and occur in the human genome.

a. True

b. False

25. How would you characterize this statement: EF-Tu will hydrolyze GTP only if the codon:anticodon & tRNA:amino acid matchings are correct

a. Transcription; initiation steps

b. Transcription; termination steps

c. Translation: initiation steps

d. Tanslation: elongation steps

e. Spliceosome

26. Regarding the transcription unit architecture of the Escherichia coli genome, which one is FALSE?

a. Each of the 4,661 transcription units comprised an average of 1.1 modular units.

b. 3,010 transcription units (~65%) are monocistronic.

c. 1,652 transcription units (35%) contain more than one ORF (polycistronic)

d. The largest transcription unit is equivalent to 16 ORFs with numerous introns.

e. 398 transcription units (~9%) are nested within each other in opposite transcriptional orientation

27. Regarding RNA interference (RNAi), which one is FALSE?

a. It is a common and conserved mechanism in eukaryotic cells.

b. Originally discovered in bacteria and plant viruses.

c. A form of primitive immunity to protect the genome.

d. Pre microRNA (miRNA) genes have been found in introns.

e. Recent research shows that exogenous plant miRNAs in food can regulate the expression of target genes in mammals.

28. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

a. Recognize the 3âUTR

b. The genes for these enzymes fall into the family of inducible genes

c. The enzymes are imported into the nucleus

d. Covalently attaches an amino acid to the appropriate tRNA. This takes place in the cytoplasm.

e. Forms the peptide bond during protein synthesis

29. What is the process by which complementary RNAs are made from a DNA template?

a. translation

b. transcription

c. protein synthesis

d. transduction

e. transliteration

cyanbee225

BIO 325 Chapter Notes - Chapter 16: 28S Ribosomal Rna, Zinc Finger, Dnainfo.Com

Document Summary

Get access

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology

Biology: Science for Life with Physiology

Concepts of Biology

Biology

Essentials of Biology

Related Documents

BIO 325 Chapter Notes - Chapter 17: Dicer, Chromosome, Trypanosoma Brucei

BIO 325 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Alternative Splicing, Start Codon, Spliceosome

BIO 325 Chapter Notes - Chapter 11-12: Pyrimidine, Purine, Thymine

Related Questions