BIO 311 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3.5: Hydrogen Bond, Molecular Geometry, Atomic Number

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Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions

• Maooleules ae desel paked ad odeed i a aueous ellula

environment

• Piipal solet of liig ells, ad plas a ajo ole i deteiig the

properties of macromolecules

• Wate >0% of the weight of most organisms

• The fist liig ogaiss o Eath aose i a aueous eioet, ad eolutio

has been shaped by the properties of the aqueous medium in which life began

• The ate oleule HO ad its ioizatio poduts, H+ ad OH-, profoundly

influence the structure, self-assembly, and properties of all cellular components,

including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Water: Physical P

Water: Physical Properties

• Uiue popeties of ate ae a oseuee of attatios etee adjacent

water molecules that give liquid water great internal cohesion and stability

• A look at the eleto stutue of ate eeals the ause of these

intermolecular attractions

The periodic table of the elements

• Oge has a atoi ue of :  electrons in the 1s orbital, 2 in the 2s

orbital, 2 in the 2px, 1 in 2py, and 1 in 2pz

• Eah hdoge ato of a ate oleule shaes a eleto pai ith the etal

oxygen atom

• The oitals of HO adopt a ough tetahedal shape, ith a hdoge ato at

each of the two corners and the unshared electron pairs (or lone pairs) at the

other two corners

Water: Physical Properties

• The H-O-H bond angle is 104.5°, < 109.5° of a perfect tetrahedron because of

crowding of the non-bonding orbitals of the oxygen atom

• The oge uleus attats eletos oe stogl tha does the hdoge

nucleus (a proton); that is, oxygen is more electronegative

• Eletos ae oe ofte i the iiit of the oge ato

• The esult of this ueual eleto shaig is two electric dipoles in the water

molecule, one along each of the H-O bonds; each hydrogen bears a partial

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positie hage δ+, ad the oge ato eas a patial egatie hage eual

i agitude to the su of the to patial posities δ-)

Table 2-1, p. 37

Water: Physical Properties

• Whe to atos ith the sae eletoegatiit fo a od, the eletos ae

shared equally between the two atoms, e.g. C-H bond

• Hoee, if atos ith diffeig eletoegatiities fo a od, the eletos

are not shared equally and more of the negative charge is found closer to one of

the atoms

• This diffeee i eletoegatiit gies ise to patial positie δ+ ad egatie

hages δ-

Water: Hydrogen Bonding

• As a esult of this dipole, thee is a eletostatic attraction between the oxygen

atom of one molecule and the hydrogen of another, called a hydrogen bond

• Hdoge ods ae elatiel eak: those i liuid ate hae a od

dissociation energy of about 23 kJ/mol, compared with 470 kJ/mol for the

covalent O-H bond

• Hoee, the su of all hdoge ods etee HO oleules ofes geat

internal cohesion on liquid water

Water: Hydrogen Bonding

• The eal tetahedal aageet of the

orbitals about the oxygen atom allows each water

molecule to form hydrogen bonds with as many as

four neighboring waters

• Hoee, i liuid ate at ‘T ad PATH, ate

molecules are disorganized and in continuous

motion (↑ΔS), so only ~3.4 water molecules are

engaged in hydrogen bonds

• I ie, eah ate oleule is fixed in space and

forms hydrogen bonds with four other water

molecules to yield a regular lattice structure as

shown

• Beakig a suffiiet popotio of hdoge ods

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BIO 311 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3.5: Hydrogen Bond, Molecular Geometry, Atomic Number

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