BIOL 1140 Chapter Notes - Chapter 12: Gastrulation, Ectoderm, Prenatal Development

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Human Biology Summary Unit 12

Overview: The process of human development from fertilization to birth.

• Biogenesis- Living things arise as a byproduct of the reproduction of other living things

Fertilization--merger of sperm and egg nuclei to form a zygote

• Process of fertilization

1. sper fro the ale is ejaculated ito the oa’s agia ear the ceri

2. sperm must swim through the cervix across the uterus and into the correct

fallopian tube (oviduct)

3. the woman releases only one egg cell from one of her 2 fallopian tubes at a time

4. the sperm that reach the egg compete to penetrate protective layer

5. sperm must penetrate protective jelly layer of egg cell to reach the plasma

membrane of egg cell

o Sperm and egg

o Acrosome

▪ specialized organelle in the heads of sperm cell that contains

digestive enzymes

▪ to dissolve hole in protective layer

o Zygote

▪ Diploid cell formed from the union of sperm and egg

o Fraternal vs Identical twins

▪ Fraternal twins—two eggs released during ovulation are

simultaneously fertilized by two separate sperm

▪ Identical twins—a fertilized zygote divides immediately

following fertilization

▪ Clone--

Pre-embryonic development:

• Clevage

A series of cell divisions by the zygote without growth or differentiation

Occurs during first 4 days following fertilization

Size remains constant

• Growth

Zygote grows from 1 cell into trillions of cells

Occurs continuously after cleavage terminates

Is coordinated by cell to cell signaling

• Differentiation

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Document Summary

Overview: the process of human development from fertilization to birth: biogenesis- living things arise as a byproduct of the reproduction of other living things. Identical twins a fertilized zygote divides immediately following fertilization: clone-- A series of cell divisions by the zygote without growth or differentiation. Zygote grows from 1 cell into trillions of cells. Is coordinated by cell to cell signaling: differentiation. Protein signals and hormones direct this: morphogenesis. As cells differentiate, the embryo changes shape: blastocyst. A hollow ball with an outer and inner layer of cells. Embryonic development: gastrulation, the 2nd phase of embryonic development, cells form distinct layers, differentiation of tissues, ectoderm, outermost tissue layer, mesoderm, middle tissue layer, endoderm. Fetal development: organ systems online, bones harden. To dissolve a hole in the protective layer of the egg cell. Fraternal twins are conceived when two eggs are released during ovulation and simultaneously fertilized by two separate sperm.

Related Questions

106) A fertilized egg must embed in this organfor pregnancy to occur.

A) vagina

B) uterus

C) ovaries

D) myometrium

E) oviduct

107) The opening of the uterus is referred toas

A) the endometrium.

B) the oviduct.

C) the cervix.

D) the fimbriae.

E) the clitoris.

108) When the oocyte is released from theovary, it is transported to the uterus by the

A) fimbriae.

B) flagella.

C) oviduct.

D) ductus deferens.

E) endometrium.

109) Prior to the onset of lactation, themammary glands are prepared for the production of milk by

A) the hormonal action of estrogen andprogesterone.

B) the completion of ovulation.

C) degeneration of the corpus luteum.

D) deactivation of FSH, LH and GnRH.

E) synthesis of FSH.

110) Which of the stages in the diagramabove occurs due to a surge of LH midway through the ovariancycle?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

111) Which of the stages in the diagram abovedegenerates if the fertilized egg does not embed in the uterus?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

112) At the beginning of each ovarian cycle,which of the following hormones causes the development of a primaryoocyte?

A) estrogen

B) LH

C) prolactin

D) progesterone

E) FSH

113) If pregnancy does occur, a layer oftissue from the embryo called the chorion begins to secrete thehormone

A) GnRH.

B) estrogen.

C) FSH.

D) hCG.

E) LH.

114) Which of the following methods ofenhancing fertility involves the placement of sperm andunfertilized eggs into the oviduct?

A) artificial insemination

B) in vitro fertilization

C) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

D) hysteroscopy

E) zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

114) Drugs like Viagra, Cialis and Levitra arenot aphrodisiacs, meaning that they do not cause an erection,rather they function by

A) increasing LH and FSH release.

B) promoting blood inflow into the penis.

C) increasing the net movement of calcium ionsinto vascular smooth muscles in the penis.

D) stimulating sensitivity in peniletissues.

E) decreasing inhibin production.

115) If fertilization does not occur followingrelease of the egg by the ovary, then the ________ will degenerateapproximately two weeks after ovulation.

A) primary oocyte

B) oviduct

C) endometrium layer

D) corpus luteum

E) All of the above are correct.

116) Chemicals or particles in air that haveadverse effects on living organisms is termed

A) acid rain.

B) eutrophication.

C) pollution.

D) global warming.

E) dentrification.

117) Gases such as nitrous oxide and carbondioxide are called greenhouse gases because

A) they block sunlight from reaching theEarth.

B) they block specific wavelengths of sunlightfrom penetrating.

C) these gases permit sunlight to enter buttrap the heat energy in the atmosphere.

D) they block both sunlight and heat energyfrom penetrating the atmosphere.

E) they stimulate photosynthesis in mostplants.

118) The ozone layer can be destroyed bypollutants such as

A) sulfur dioxide.

B) halons and CFCs.

C) carbon monoxide.

D) hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.

E) carbon dioxide and oxygen.

119) The main human activities that haveraised atmospheric CO2 levels are

A) succession and adaptive radiation.

B) home development on grasslands andwetlands.

C) drainage of wetlands areas along rivers andoceans.

D) deforestation and burning fossil fuels.

E) really negligent because CO2levels have risen and fallen naturally regardless of humanactivity.

120) "Earth's fever" is in reference to

A) a rise in the temperature of the Earthbelieved to be due to greenhouse gases.

B) the potential pandemics that manyscientists believe could occur at any time with the burgeoninghuman population.

C) current disease epidemics, mainly thoseassociated with disease spreading from animals like birds andlivestock to humans.

D) the Earth's crust.

E) potential volcanic eruptions in locationsthat have not experienced such activity in many years.

121) Certain gases in the upper atmosphereallow sunlight to pass through to the Earth's surface, but preventheat from escaping. This is known as

A) global positioning.

B) desertification.

C) the greenhouse effect.

D) thermal inversion.

E) eutrophication.

122) The largest hole in the ozone layeroccurs in the stratospheric layer over

A) the Amazon rainforests.

B) the eastern coast of the United States.

C) the western coast of the United States.

D) Africa and South America.

E) Antarctica.

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BIOL 1140 Chapter Notes - Chapter 12: Gastrulation, Ectoderm, Prenatal Development

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