BIOCHEM 423 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9.1: Carbohydrate, Ketose, Aldose

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viridianhornet922

7 Dec 2018

School

UMASS-Amherst

Department

Biochemistry & Molecular Bio.

Course

BIOCHEM 423

Professor

Ma Fu

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Document Summary

Carbohydrates = sugars , saccharide , gtycans a monosaccharide. 3~9 carbon atoms eg , glucose a oligosaccharide glycans ( Ag . maltose a disaccharide made by linking two glucose molecules together ] Polysaccharides long polymers of the monosaccharide eg . amylase. Dm carbohydrates are compounds with the empirical formula. Caton while saccharide include carbohydrates andallottheiderivaive a sugar underivatized monosaccharide and small oligosaccharides ] e. g. sucrose a disaccharide containing glucose and tnktose ] Monosaccharide a those the smallest molecules regarded as. Monosaccharide are generally characterized by the presence of one carbonyl group ( aldehyde or ketone ) and one or more hydroxyl groups an al doses and ketoses a two those ( glycerddehyde [ aldehyde ) dihydwxy acetone. L - amino acids dominates in protein a. A when monosaccharide contain move than one chiral. L designates the configuration about the carbon farthest tom the carbonyl group .

Related Questions

Can somebody check if my answer is rght? Thank you

Complex carbohydrates

Indicate whether each of the following statements about polysaccharides is True or False.

1. Polysaccharides are long polymers made of many nucleotides that have been joined through dehydration synthesis. False
2. Cellulose is the main storage polysaccharide in plants while glycogen is an important storage polysaccharide in many animals. False
3. Both starch and glycogen are composed of Î±-glucose subunits. True
4. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin, which are unbranched and branched chains of Î±-glucose subunits, respectively. False
5. Like amylopectin, glycogen is insoluble in water, but it has a longer average chain length and fewer branches. True
6. Although some polysaccharides are used to store energy, others serve as structural material for cells. True
7. The principal structural polysaccharide in plants is starch. True
8. Cellulose is composed of a long, branched chain of Î²-glucose subunits. True
9. The starch-hydrolyzing enzymes produced by most organisms cannot break the bond between two Î± -glucose subunits because they only recognize Î² linkages. False
10. Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of many fungi. True

Unit 2 Organic Chemistry

Organic compounds vs. Inorganic compounds

What makes a compound organic? Inorganic?

Functional groups (phosphate groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups)

Know the structure of each of these groups, and which organic compounds they are found in. You can draw them for your own use.

Hydrolysis

What is it? What is it used for?

Dehydration synthesis

What is it? What is it used for?

Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides and examples)

Know the process of joining two monosaccharides together to create a disaccharide.

Be able to give examples of several monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharide examples (3)	Disaccharide examples (2)	Complex carbohydrates (3)

Lipids (Saturated vs. Unsaturated; Phospholipids, Steroids)

Define a saturated fatty acid.

Define an unsaturated fatty acid. Draw if it helps.

What process is used to put the fatty acid chain on a glycerol molecule?

Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic

Define hydrophilic.

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Define hydrophobic.

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Proteins, types and functions

What is a protein composed of, and what does it do?

Amino acids

Name the three parts of the amino acid that come off the common Carbon.

Identify each of the three parts. (Amino Acid ID game)

Peptide Bonds

How are they formed?

What two parts of each amino acid do they join together?

Enzymes - define.

Levels of Protein structure

Complete the chart below.

Protein structure level	definition
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary

Protein Denaturation

What is it and how does it happen?

Define what a Solute is.

Define what a solvent is

Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)

Nucleotide

Name its three parts and be able to identify each of them on a diagram. (Nucleotide ID game)

What are the two possible sugars used in a nucleotide?

Complete the Table below.

	DNA	RNA	ATP
What sugar does it have?
What nitrogen bases does it have?
Provide the pairings of the nitrogen bases of each nucleic acid			N/A
What is its structure?

The synthesis of polymers involves the _____________ of water,while the digestion of polymers involves the ______________ ofwater.
1- addition, addition
2- removal, removal
3- addition, removal
4- removal, addition

All biological macromolecules are based on

carbon atoms because carbon readily shares four electron pairs withother carbon atoms, and thus form large, complex structures.
carbon atoms because C-H bonds are nonpolar.
oxygen atoms because oxygen has a strong attraction forelectrons.
oxygen atoms because the O-H bond is polar and thus allows forhydrogen bonds to form that allow the formation of largeconglomerates.

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be themolecular formula for a disaccharide linking two glucose moleculesvia dehydration synthesis?

C2H4O2
C6H12O6
C12H24O12
C12H22O11

Sucrose, the sugar in table sugar, is composed of one glucosemolecule joined to a fructose molecule. How is sucroseclassified?

as a monosaccharide
as a polysaccharide
as a hexose
as a disaccharide

From the fact that (i) high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) tastessweeter than regular table sugar and that (ii) human taste buds aremore sensitive for fructose than glucose, one can concludethat

HFCS contains fructose, but table sugar does not.
glucose and fructose must both be monosaccharides.
the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be higher than that intable sugar.
the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be 55%.
fructose stimulates the production of hormones that controlappetite and the blood sugar level.

I would expect plant cell walls to consist of a polysaccharide thatis

easy to break down by animals, but hard to break down by mostmicrobes.
easy to break down by most microbes, but hard to break down by mostanimals.
easy to break down by animals and most microbes.
hard to break down by animals and most microbes.

Nutritionists came up with the term âglycemic loadâ to describe thehealth effect of carbohydrates because

glycemic index was too difficult to understand.
glycemic index does not offer any useful information about howquickly a carbohydrate can be broken down into sugars.
the amount of a food consumed is as important as how quickly it canbe broken down into sugars.
only the amount of food consumed matters, but not how quickly acarbohydrate can be broken down into sugars.

Why does it make sense that cell division is stimulated by thepresence of sugar in the blood?

It is the body's goal to get the sugar out of the blood stream, andtwo cells can take up and remove more sugar from the blood streamthan one cell.
Two cells require more energy (that can be supplied by sugar as anenergy source) than one, and it is therefore advantageous for anorganism to regulate cell division to be slow in the absence of anenergy source and stimulated in the presence of an energy source.

BIOCHEM 423 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9.1: Carbohydrate, Ketose, Aldose

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