CHEM 1101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Ionic Compound, Alkali Metal, Electron Affinity

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cyanreindeer136

15 Dec 2016

School

Northeastern University

Department

Chemistry & Chemical Biology

Course

CHEM 1101

Professor

Chung Ken

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Ions

• General Rule: metals like to form compounds with nonmetals

• Ion- gaining or losing 1+ electrons→ The atom becomes charged

o Cation- loss of 1+ electron (+)

▪ Ex: Na+

o Anion- gain of 1+ electron (-)

▪ Ex: Cl-

Periodic Properties

• Ionization Energy- energy required to remove 1 electron from a single atom in gaseous

state

• Electron Affinity- energy released on adding an electron to a single atom in the gaseous

state

o Alkali metals

▪ Small ionization energy- electrons easily lost

▪ Small electron affinity- electrons not easily gained

▪ Net Result: cation formation favored

o Halogen

▪ Large ionization energy- electron not easily lost

▪ Large electron affinity- electron easily gained

▪ Net Result: anion formation favored

o Main group elements neither lose nor gain electrons easily

• Cations and anions form neutral bonds

Ionic Bonds

• Ionic Bonds- electrical attractions between ions of opposite charges in a crystal

• Ionic Solid- crystalline solid held together by ionic bonds

• Ionic Compound- compounds that contain ionic bonds

Some Properties of Ionic Compounds

• Ions vary in size and charge

• Ions in ionic solids held together by attraction to neighbors

o Dissolving in water frees them if attraction to water is more power

• Ions need to gain large amounts of energy by being heated to loosen their grip

• Ionic solids will shatter if struck sharply

Ions and the Octet Rule

• Main group elements undergo reactions leaving them with 8 valence electrons

• Main group metals tend to lose e- to gain octet

• Reactive main group nonmetals tend to gain e- to attain octet

o Product ions have filled s and p shells

Naming Ions

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Document Summary

Ions: general rule: metals like to form compounds with nonmetals. Ion- gaining or losing 1+ electrons the atom becomes charged: cation- loss of 1+ electron (+, ex: na, anion- gain of 1+ electron (-, ex: cl- Ionic bonds- electrical attractions between ions of opposite charges in a crystal. Ionic solid- crystalline solid held together by ionic bonds. Ions in ionic solids held together by attraction to neighbors: dissolving in water frees them if attraction to water is more power. Ions need to gain large amounts of energy by being heated to loosen their grip. Naming ions: metal cations (1a-3a) (cid:373)etal + (cid:862)io(cid:374)(cid:863, ex: potassium ion, transition metals, old system , smaller charges= -ous, ex: chromus ion, larger charges= -ic, ex: chromic ion, new system (roman numeral, ex: cr 2+ chromium (ii) Cr 3+ chromium (iii: anions -ide + (cid:862)io(cid:374)(cid:863, ex: sulfide ion. Formulas of ionic compounds: chemical formula tells ratios of atom to cation (equal charge)

Related Questions

1)The NaCl2 ionic salt does not exist. Which of the followingstatements best explains why?

A. Because the formation of Na2+ is an unfavorable process due tothe great amount of energy required to remove the 2nd electron fromthe Na atom (the 2nd electron would have to be removed from thecore electrons of the Na atom).
B. Because the Cl- anion is too large for there to be two of themattached to one Na+ ion.
C. Because NaCl2 is actually a polyatomic ion with a -1 charge, andnot an ionic salt. In the presence of another Na+ ion, the Na2Cl2salt would form.
D. Because Cl2 has no charge and therefore would not be attractedelectrostatically to the positively charged Na2+ cation.

2)Select the false statement below.

A. The first ionization energy of an atom is smaller than thesecond ionization energy of the same atom.
B. Phosphorus has a greater first ionization energy than magnesium,and the reason for this is because P has a greater effectivenuclear charge (Zeff) than Mg.
C. The following process is an endothermic process and representsthe first ionization energy of an atom A:A(g) ? A1+(g) + e1-
D. Fluorine has a greater first ionization energy than iodine, andthe reason for this is because fluorine has a greater amount ofshielding of outer electrons by inner electrons than doesiodine.

3)The Group 5A elements N,P,As have lower (less negative) electronaffinities than most of the Group 4A or Group 6A elements becauseN,P,As have half-filled subshells.

True
False

4)A fluorine atom is smaller than a bromine atom, and a potassiumatom is larger than a lithium atom.

True
False

5)A certain main-group element exhibits the following successiveionization energies in kJ/mol:

IE1 = 100; IE2 = 1200; IE3 = 2300; IE4 = 3100; IE5 = 4200

Select the false statement about this element below.

A. This is likely a Group 1A element.
B. This element is typically found uncombined in nature (that is,it is not usually found in compounds, but rather as a freeelement).
C. If this element is given a symbol of "J", it would form an ioniccompound with sulfur as J2S.
D. If this element was in period 2 of the periodic table, it wouldbe lithium.

6)Select the false statement below.

A. Generally speaking, non-metallic elements have greater effectivenuclear charge (Zeff) than metallic elements in the sameperiod.
B. Generally speaking, as you go down a group in the periodictable, there is successively greater shielding of the outer-shellelectrons by the inner-shell electrons.
C. Generally speaking, the heavier alkali metals can be predictedto exhibit greater shielding of the outer-shell electrons by theinner-shell electrons than lighter alkali metals.
D. Generally speaking, as you go across a period in the periodictable, the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) decreases because eachsuccessive element contains more protons in the nucleus than theprevious element and the outer electrons are all in the same shellas you go across a period.

7)Place the following in order of increasing size:

O2-, F1-, Li1+

A. F1- < Li1+ < O2-
B. Li1+ < O2- < F1-
C. Li1+ < F1- < O2-
D. F1- < O2- < Li1+

8)Select the false statement below.

A. The following set of quantum numbers is allowed:
n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = +1/2
B. The n = 1 shell of any given atom can accomodate up to 2electrons.
C. The n = 4 shell of any given atom can accomodate up to 16electrons.
D. In any given atom, the l = 2 subshell can accomodate up to 5electrons that have negative spins (ms =

redgoldfish403

Question 1 of 15 (worth 2 points)
The NaCl2 ionic salt does not exist. Which of the followingstatements best explains why?

A. Because the formation of Na2+ is an unfavorable process due tothe great amount of energy required to remove the 2nd electron fromthe Na atom (the 2nd electron would have to be removed from thecore electrons of the Na atom).
B. Because Cl2 has no charge and therefore would not be attractedelectrostatically to the positively charged Na2+ cation.
C. Because NaCl2 is actually a polyatomic ion with a -1 charge, andnot an ionic salt. In the presence of another Na+ ion, the Na2Cl2salt would form.
D. Because the Cl- anion is too large for there to be two of themattached to one Na+ ion.
Review
Check to review before finishing (will be flagged in Table ofContents)
Question 2 of 15 (worth 2 points)
Select the false statement below.

A. Fluorine has a greater first ionization energy than iodine, andthe reason for this is because fluorine has a greater amount ofshielding of outer electrons by inner electrons than doesiodine.
B. The following process is an endothermic process and representsthe first ionization energy of an atom A:
A(g) ? A1+(g) + e1-

C. Phosphorus has a greater first ionization energy than magnesium,and the reason for this is because P has a greater effectivenuclear charge (Zeff) than Mg.
D. The first ionization energy of an atom is smaller than thesecond ionization energy of the same atom.
Review
Check to review before finishing (will be flagged in Table ofContents)
Question 3 of 15 (worth 2 points)
The following process represents the first electron affinity of anatom A:

A(g) ? A1+(g) + e1-

True
False
Review
Check to review before finishing (will be flagged in Table ofContents)
Question 4 of 15 (worth 2 points)
Generally speaking, most nonmetal atoms are smaller than most metalatoms.

True
False
Review
Check to review before finishing (will be flagged in Table ofContents)
Question 5 of 15 (worth 2 points)
A certain main-group element exhibits the following successiveionization energies in kJ/mol:

IE1 = 100; IE2 = 1200; IE3 = 2300; IE4 = 3100; IE5 = 4200

Select the false statement about this element below.

A. If this element is given a symbol of "J", it would form an ioniccompound with sulfur as J2S.
B. This element is typically found uncombined in nature (that is,it is not usually found in compounds, but rather as a freeelement).
C. This is likely a Group 1A element.
D. If this element was in period 2 of the periodic table, it wouldbe lithium.
Review
Check to review before finishing (will be flagged in Table ofContents)
Question 6 of 15 (worth 2 points)
Select the false statement below.

A. Generally speaking, as you go down a group in the periodictable, there is successively greater shielding of the outer-shellelectrons by the inner-shell electrons.
B. Generally speaking, non-metallic elements have greater effectivenuclear charge (Zeff) than metallic elements in the sameperiod.
C. Generally speaking, the heavier alkali metals can be predictedto exhibit greater shielding of the outer-shell electrons by theinner-shell electrons than lighter alkali metals.
D. Generally speaking, as you go across a period in the periodictable, the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) decreases because eachsuccessive element contains more protons in the nucleus than theprevious element and the outer electrons are all in the same shellas you go across a period.
Review
Check to review before finishing (will be flagged in Table ofContents)
Question 7 of 15 (worth 2 points)
Place the following in order of increasing size:

O2-, F1-, Li1+

A. F1- < O2- < Li1+
B. F1- < Li1+ < O2-
C. Li1+ < O2- < F1-
D. Li1+ < F1- < O2-
Review
Check to review before finishing (will be flagged in Table ofContents)
Question 8 of 15 (worth 2 points)
Select the false statement below.

A. The n = 4 shell of any given atom can accomodate up to 16electrons.
B. In any given atom, the l = 2 subshell can accomodate up to 5electrons that have negative spins (ms =

CHEM 1101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Ionic Compound, Alkali Metal, Electron Affinity

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