HUMA 205 Chapter 1: Chapter 1 Note part 2
60. CYPRUS PERGAMUM ANTIOCH SELEUCIA BABYLON CTESIPHON ALEXANDRIA
KINGDOM OF THE PTOLEMIES EGYPT GREECE PERSIS CARMANIA GEDROSIA ARACHOSIA
BACTRIA PARTHIA MEDIA ARMENIA PONTUS BITHYNIA GALAT IA CAPPADOCI A
MACEDONI A K I N G D O M O F T H E S E L E U C I D S ( S Y R I A ) 0 500 Miles 0 500 Kilometers
THE HELLENISTICWORLD THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD Alexander’s generals’ inability to agree on
a single successor after his death made the division of the Macedonian Empire inevitable.
61. This statue, found in the sea off Cape Artemisium, comes from the end of the period covered in
this chapter; it may have been intended to commemorate the Greek victory over the Persians.
62. REPUBLICAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE In the visual arts as in literature, the late Republic
shows the translation of Greek styles into new Roman forms.
63. As the fi rst Roman emperor, Octavian inaugurated the second great period in Roman history—
the empire, which lasted technically from 27 bce, when he assumed the title Augustus, until 476 ce,
when the last Roman emperor was overthrown.
64. CHAPTER 2 Early Greece Classical period was a war dance, where music and movement would
combine to create heightened emotion [Fig.
65. CHAPTER 3 Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period of reason, exerting his authority by a
single confi dent gesture [Fig.
66. DRAMA AND PHILOSOPHY IN CLASSICAL GREECE THE DRAMA FESTIVALS OF
DIONYSUS The tumultuous years of the fi fth century bce, passing from the spirit of euphoria that
followed the ending of the Persian Wars to the mood of doubt and selfquestioning of 404 bce, may
seem unlikely to have .
67. During this Late Classical period (404–323 bce), artists and writers continued to explore ideas and
styles fi rst outlined in the century before, although in diff erent ways.
68. We have been so conditioned by the art of the ancient Greeks that from the late Geometric period
until our own time, Western art has been primarily concerned with the depiction of human beings.
69. Only when Greece was conquered by the Romans in the late second century bce did Greek
culture cease to have an independent existence.
70. Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome, Italy//© Scala/Art Resource, NY rhythmical patterns, and Greek
writers on music often discussed specifi c problems presented to composers in terms of the Greek
language and its accent system.
71. In the early second century ce, the Roman emperor Trajan founded a special temple in honor of
Fortuna as the all-pervading power of the world.
72. A typical middle-class Roman might begin with a period of military service, move on to a post as
fi scal agent in one of the provinces, then serve in a governmental department back in Rome, and end
up as a senior offi cial in the imperial postal service or the police.
73. In Asia Minor and farther east in Syria, the Hellenistic rulers of the new kingdoms fostered Greek
art and literature as one means of holding foreign infl uences at does the construction of buildings
such as the Lighthouse at Alexandria [Fig.
74. 1.28]. Throughout the last great age of the palaces, the infl uence of Minoan artistic styles began to
spread to the mainland, but Minoan political and military power was on the wane, and Knossos seems
to have been invaded and occupied by mainlanders around 1450 bce.
75. Roman plays were based on Greek originals, Roman temples imitated Greek buildings, and Roman
sculpture and painting depicted episodes from Greek mythology.
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76. CHAPTER 3 Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period Argos, devised a mathematical formula
for representing the perfect male body, an ideal canon of proportion, and wrote a book about it.
77. The emperor probably commissioned Virgil to write an epic poem that would be to Roman
literature what the Iliad and Odyssey were for Greek literature: a national epic.
78. EARLY GREEK LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY Our knowledge of literary developments
between the time of Homer and the Archaic period is limited.
79. Describe the development of Greek sculpture from the mid-seventh century to the end of the
Archaic period.
80. (Artwork by John Burge) Table 4.2 The Principal Roman Emperors Augustus 27 bce–ce 14
Tiberius 14–37 Gaius (Caligula) 37–41 Julio-Claudians Claudius 41–54 Nero 54–68 Year of the Four
Emperors 69 Vespasian 69–79 Titus 79–81 Flavians Domitian 81–96 Nerva 96–98 Trajan 98–117
Adoptive Emperors Hadrian 117–138 Antoninus Pius 138–161 Marcus Aurelius 161–180 Antonines
Commodus 180–193 Septimius Severus 193–211 Alexander Severus 222–235 Decius 249–251
Diocletian 284–305 Constantine 306–337 Imperial Rome (31 BCE–476 CE) .
81. PHILOSOPHY IN THE LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD The intellectual and cultural spirit of the new
century was foreshadowed in its fi rst year in an event at Athens.
82. CHAPTER 3 Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period is well illustrated by the Hermes at
Olympia [Fig.
83. The greatest of all centers of Greek learning was in the Egyptian city of Alexandria, where King
Ptolemy, Alexander’s former personal staff offi cer and bodyguard, planned a large institute for
scholarship known as the Temple of the Muses, or the Museum.
84. The belief in the doctrine of ethos, whereby music had the power to infl uence human behavior,
meant that the study of music played a vital part in the education and lifestyle of Classical Greeks.
85. Then, turning to the friends beside him, he asked, “Tell me, have I played well my part in this
comedy of life? If so, applaud me and send me on my way.” THE IMPORTANCE OF ROME If the
origins of our intellectual heritage go back to the Greeks and, less directly, to the peoples of Egypt and
the Near East, the contribution of Rome to the wider spreading of Western civilization was
tremendous.
86. CHAPTER 4 The Roman Legacy Most dates are approximate network of modern Europe is based
on one planned and built by the Romans some two thousand years ago; the alphabet we use is the
Roman alphabet; and the division of the year into twelve months of unequal length is a modifi ed
form of the calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 bce.
87. Under his guidance the few remaining years of peace were devoted to making visible the glory of
Athens by constructing on the Acropolis— the majestic buildings that still, though in ruins, evoke the
grandeur of Periclean Athens (see Table 3.1). Had Pericles continued to lead Athens during the war,
the fi nal outcome might have been diff erent, but in 430 bce the city was ravaged by disease, perhaps
bubonic plague, and in 429 bce Pericles died.
88. THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS The century that saw the expression of the intimate self-revelations
of lyric poetry was marked by the development of rational philosophy, which challenged the
traditional religious ideas of Homer and Hesiod and scoff ed at gods who took human form.
89. The political and cultural center of Greece during the fi rst half of the Classical period was Athens.
90. The period from 323 to 146 bce, marked by the spread of Greek culture throughout the parts of
Asia conquered by Alexander, is known as the Hellenistic Age.
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