Psychology 3723F/G Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Inflectional Phrase, Eval, Dcf Interframe Space
30 Apr 2018
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Chapter 9- The Internal World:
Implicit windows into attitudes:
• One primary reasons interested implicit attitudes= individs responses on explicit
measures att may not provide accurate depiction their opinion ex: prejudice
• One perceived adv implicit measures att was belief less likely be infl by social
desirability concerns and other unwanted influences but may be capable infl response
implicit measures ex: answers differ completed private/ public setting
• Boysen, Vogel and Madon (2006)= private setting believed experimenter not examine
responses about homosexuality and public setting believed would be reviewed= report
more fav responses (not true att)
• Much debate merits IAT- strong evidence support predictive validity, also dem many
variables can have unwanted infl responses to it
• Multinomial processing tree models help account sources variation IAT and not immune
faked responses (design paradigms partially detect and correct faked IAT responses)
• No measure perfect by itself and lims in other alt implicit measures of att
• Implicit and explicit measures show moderate correlations, magnitude relation suggests
don’t nec study same thing- dev new ways think about things like SE and prejudice
• Defensive SE- high explicit, low implicit= more in-group fav and stronger att
• Research considered ways spontaneous evals assessed implicit measures can be changed
ex: reduce implicit prejudice
• Shook and Fazio (2008)- white-first year uni students randomly assigned interracial dorm
room sub expressed more positive implicit racial att comp white students matched w
another white student
• Assessed satisfaction levels and implicit prejudice beginning and end term= black
roommates lower sat both times but more positive racial att over time (contact reduce)
• Devine, Forscher, Austin and Cox (2012)- efficacy intervention designed reduce implicit
racial biases= contact, instruction individuating group membs and imagining counter-
stereotypic outgroup membs
• Implicit racial att measured IAT beginning, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after- manipulation
positive effect= both weeks more positive IAT scores than control
• Content att= dev approach implicitly ass extent att based content, struct and behav info
• Structure= implicit measures adapted measure positive and neg evals separately,
consistent w bidimensional approach att struct
• Function= implicit measures used assess motives ass w part groups, sugg can use same
technique assess functions att toward dif groups and other att objects
• Implicit measures provide view earlier stage in activation and use att (not superior
explicit)
Let’s get physical: The effects of body movements on attitudes:
Motor actions and emotions:
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• Strack, Martin and Stepper (1988)- asked Ps look at dif cartoons holding pen in mouth-
gripping teeth (smile)/ lips (frown)- held in teeth sig more amused cartoons even though
no idea stimulating smile/ frowns= facial expressions influenced emotion
Motor actions and attitude:
• Wells and Patty (1980)- Ps shake heads up and down or shake side to side when listening
to editorial= believed looking quality headphones but actually interested in if movement
influence Ps level agreement w content editorial message- nodders agreed more shakers
• Another imp type body movement involves flexion (contraction) limbs (pull towards)
versus extension (push away)
• Cacioppo, Priester and Berntson (1993)- Ps sit at desk and asked if liked/ disliked 24 dif
Chinese ideographs- flexion cond= gently lifting palms up against bottom half table and
extension cond= Ps gave att gently pressing palms up against bottom table- arm flexion
liked sig more than arm extension
• Cassanato (2009) had Ps draw good and bad animal in one box- found left-handed ass left
w good and vice versa right-handed
• Oppenhiemer and Trail (2010) randomly assigned American Ps sit in chair leaned left/
right- rated liking for Democratic (left) and Republican (right)- left/right physical/spatial
orientation infl individs perceptions and evals (lean more left= greater support Democrat)
• Risen and Critcher (2011) visceral fit hyp- notion individs perceive exps and outcomes
integrated w current visceral state as more likely to occur ex: express greater belief global
warming on warm days than cold days b/c exp visceral state (being warm) makes easier
(and more likely) people stimulate matching world states
Is swaying from side-to-side associated with greater attitude ambivalence?
• Greater att ambivalence ass w more exaggerated side-to-side body movements- Schnier
et al (2013) asked Ps stand Wii Balance Board- some made feel ambiv/ not and assessed
degree Ps swayed one side to other (ambiv higher) and ask move side-to-side= more
ambiv
How do motor actions affect attitude?
• Consistent w ELMs third proposition, propose bodily actions can function as a cue,
argument/ factor affecting amount of issue-relv thinking and the amount of bias in these
thoughts= also congruent w Meta-Cognitive Model propose bodily actions can affect
confidence in these thoughts
• Role bodily actions as cue should occur when lack motivation and ability think about
persuasive message ex: effects arm flexion and extension reflect kind process b/c evals
Chinese ideographs not high personal importance to them
• Petty, Wells, Heesacker, Brock and Cacioppo (1983)- asked try new headphone rate
qualities= some told lie down/ stand up while testing and listened message cont strong/
weak arguments in fav having undergrads complete oral comprehensive exams prereq
graduate
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