BIOB34H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2 (44-56): Hydrogen Bond, Protein Kinase, Reaction Rate

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amethystfly177

15 Oct 2016

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Chemical reaction that take place in the human body, the rearrangement, breaking down of cell is called metabolism. For example, nitrogen can be used in metabolism to synthesize protein and function other structures in the body and finally transferred out of the body through urine. Energy metabolism is the process by which energy is used to take in, synthesize, and function in the body and ultimately dissipate. Metabolic reaction is divided into two categories: Catabolic reaction is the process by which complex large chemical compound is broken down into simpler chemical building blocks and energy is released. Anabolic reaction uses energy to synthesize chemical building blocks to build large complex chemical compound. Catabolism is destructive and anabolism is constructive. Leopa(cid:396)d f(cid:396)og (cid:374)eeds to ju(cid:373)p at a (cid:396)apid speed, (cid:271)ut it does(cid:374)"t ha(cid:448)e e(cid:374)ough o(cid:454)(cid:455)ge(cid:374) to fuel the atp. Thus this organism makes atp by anaerobic mechanism, without oxygen. This is employed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.

Related Questions

7. Fill in the words or phrases that best complete the sentence.

a. ---------------- is the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body, while -------------- refers to chemical reactions that decompose large molecules into smaller ones.

b.----------------------- is the chemical reaction in which there is a gain of electrons and it is the opposite of --------------------.

c. ----------------------- is a coenzyme that carries hydrogen atoms during coupled ----------------------- reactions in the cell.

d. ----------------------- is made primarily in the mitochondria by a process called ---------------------.

e. --------------------------is a set of reactions in which there is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, and ----------------- is the formation of glucose molecules from noncarbohydrate sources.

f. ---------------------- transport lipids in the bloodstream; they include VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs. In lipolysis, are split into fatty acids and glycerol -------------------.

g.------------------------ is the molecule that enters the Krebs cycle; it is also used to synthesize fatty acids, ketone bodies, and ---------------.

h. ------------------------- is the primary hormone regulating metabolism during the absorptive state; the major task of the ---------------- state is to maintain the normal blood glucose level.

i. The metabolic rate observed when a fasting individual is resting but awake and is experiencing comfortable conditions is called the------------------- . Peripheral --------------------- allows increased blood flow to superficial tissues of the body to release excess heat.

j. ---------------------- is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid; proper levels of this ion are critical for nerve impulse conduction and maintenance of --------------------------------balance.

cerisehippopotamus125

The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism is called:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 2

The breakdown of starch is broken down to glucose is an example of:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 3

For the following statement, determine which description best describes the process: DNA is synthesized from free nucleotides.

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 4

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions result in the synthesis of molecules of .............via cellular respiration. This is then used to power anabolic reactions.

Value: 5

The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:

a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.

b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step

c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.

d. more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single step.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

photosynthesis

1-The light reaction of photosynthesis does not include

a. chemiosmosis

b. oxygen liberation

c. glucose synthesis

d. electron transport

Value: 2

Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called

a. thylakoids

b. photosystems

c. stroma

d. photons

Value: 3

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced?

a. the light-dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

b. carbon fixation

c. the Krebs cycle

d. O2 is not produced during photosynthesis

Value: 4

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the

a. mitochondria

b. cytoplasm of the cell

c. stroma of the chloroplast

d. thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Value: 5

During what stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?

a. the light-dependent reactions

b. the light-independent reactions

c. both of the above

d. none of the above

Value: 6

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

a. ATP

b. NADPH

c. glucose

d. H2O

Value: 7

During photosynthesis, photons raise electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons belong to what compound?

a. water

b. ATP

c. chlorophyll

d. electron transport chain

Value: 8

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in heterotrophs

b. photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP

c. photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of CO2

d. the primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

3) The hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose is exergonic. However, if you dissolve sucrose in water and keep the solution overnight at room temperature, there is no detectable conversion to glucose and fructose. Why?

Select one:

a. The change in free energy of the reaction is negative.

b. The activation energy of the reaction is high.

c. The free energy of the products is higher than the free energy of the reactants.

d. This is a condensation reaction.

e. The change in free energy of the reaction is positive.

5) Competitive inhibition differs from non-competitive inhibition in that the ___1___ site is where we see competitive inhibition, while the non-competitive inhibitor __2___.

1. a. allosteric b. non-active c. active d. hydrophillic e. hydrophobic

2.
a. binds to the active site, thus blocking it
b. binds outside the active site, changing the shape of the enzyme
c. binds outside the active site, and blocks the active site

6) Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme, and as such it __1___ of the reaction. It is part of glycolysis, and is an example of an enzyme controlled by inhibition, as high levels of citrate (an intermediate further down the catabolic pathway) turns the enzyme off
(1)Select one:
a. lowers activation energy
b. lowers the ÎG
c. raises the Free Energy
(2)Select one
a. non-competitivenegative feedback
b. irreversible competitivereversible competitive.

15)The reactions in the pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle harvest the high-energy electrons stored in glucose. Therefore, these pathways _______________.

Select one:

a. take place in animal cells, but not in plant cells
b. are catabolic pathways
c. are anabolic pathways
d. involve the reduction of glucose and its metabolic intermediates

21) In an exergonic chemical reaction, the products have less free energy than the reactants (-ÎG). Endergonic reactions require an input of energy (+ÎG). The addition of starting materials and the removal of end products prevent metabolism from reaching final equilibrium. Instead, the cell exists in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Select one:
True
False

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BIOB34H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2 (44-56): Hydrogen Bond, Protein Kinase, Reaction Rate

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