HDF 313 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: United States Census Bureau, Premarital Sex, Facial Symmetry
23 May 2018
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HDF 304 Exam 1 Review
§ Definition of the Family
- According to the US Census Bureau: Group of related people living together
- Household: group of people living together in a house unit (unrelated)
- sociological perspective(abstract definition): family deals with reproduction and care
and support for children and adults
§ How has the family changed over the years?
o Reasons for marriage
- marrying for love is a new, modern idea
- arranged marriages
■ political intrigues (ex: bring together powerful families, unite kingdoms,
settle old debts)
■economical arrangements/exchanges (father sold daughter in many ways,
daughter came with a dowry)
-lower class families-
■for survival (both adults have to work to make a living)
■(Pre-industrial): to have children (for workers) Transformative: Children
now play more than work
o Functions of family (The Think book lists 7 things under Functions of Family. Do
you guys think this is relevant? A: think book is irrelevant to all exams)
- public to private
●families use to run businesses together, farms, etc.
●now typically families work independently of each other
●no longer the same contract for production as part of society
- children of middle/upper class of the US didn’t work at all
■recent evidence shows that children are performing fewer and fewer
chores
■more economic dependent: children play more than work
■rates of childbirth have decreased with this change
o Gender Roles within the family
- changed multiple times
- women historically work outside the house
■often in “female” roles
- power change
■can be witnessed in dating, particularly after the invention of the
automobile
- Great Depression
■men and women took jobs in various areas
■laws favored men working: 1932 - law that only one spouse could work
(men earned more money)
●"Rosie the Riveter" Campaign:
○ Women praised for working outside the home in traditionally male-
dominated positions
■
- WWII
2
■major shift in roles of women
■women actively pursued to work outside their homes such as factories, etc.
- 1950’s
■reversal version of female gender roles
■family consisted of male money maker, female homemaker
■guys could get homes so ownership goes up
■females stay at home, females exit workplace at a very rapid rate
■stay at home and raise children
■expectations of women: Based on the “Good wife’s guide”
●have dinner ready for his return from work - shows that you have
been thinking about him or thinking about his needs
●cook for him, entertain him
●what he has to say is more important
●if he comes home late, that is a minor issue compared to what he
has to do at work
●make him comfortable, have drink ready for him
●recommended to tidy yourself up and look pretty
§ Know why the “Golden 1950’s” weren’t actually so golden
●many men suffered post-traumatic stress from war
●many men felt the burden of being sole breadwinner
●women were often viewed as secondary to men
●domestic violence against women was high, but often went unreported
○sometimes considered acceptable
●depression among women was at an all-time high
○yet, women reported being satisfied with their marriage
○but, they wanted something different for their daughters
●those not fitting “ideal” family form chastised
○rape even legal if not against a virgin in many locals
§ Age at first marriage trends (discussed in two lectures)
- Today: average age at first marriage is 25 for women and 27 for men
- 1970s: men getting married around 23-24 and women two years younger
- urban area marry earlier and rural area marry later
o Know the reasons for the changes over the years
- people are holding off marriage for economic reasons
- waiting to be financially stable
§ How has teenage pregnancy changed (and not changed) over the years?
-The number of teen births is about the same as in the 1950s, and the rate is lower
-Premarital sex is more acceptable
- Birth control more available
- Larger window of time to get pregnant outside marriage
-Stigma of unwed parenthood is disappearing (shotgun wedding)
-Less likely to subsequently marry or to give child up for adoption
- 34% of girls get pregnant at least once before the age of 20
- 80% of those pregnancies are unintended
- US has the highest rate in teen pregnancy in the fully industrialized world
- Roe vs. Wade (1973): made abortion legal in US
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- 1967: birth control became legal
§ What is the fundamental assumption about interpersonal attraction? Explain.
- We are attracted to those whose presence is rewarding to us
- what makes someone rewarding?
●direct rewards
●indirect rewards
●faces that signal fitness and nutrients (healthy)
●similarity
●comfortableness
●exercise of free will
●scents
●shoulder to hip ratio to physical status/process
●waist to hip ratio to fertility
§ Direct vs. indirect rewards in relationships (This could be a possible short answer where
she talked about naming lists!)
Direct
1. Material items 2. physical contact 3. interest/approval 4. affection 5. laughter 6. smiles
Indirect
Benefits that are merely associated with our interaction with someone
1.Pursuit of partners that may benefit our offspring
Physical Attractiveness (e.g., facial symmetry)
2.Things that connect people to us
Similar names, common birthdays
3.Settings/Situations
4.Misattribution of arousal
§ What is misattribution of arousal? How does it influence relationship development?
Know examples.
Strong emotions relabeled as attraction if an acceptable target is present. Target becomes more
attractive b/c they are presumed to be the cause of the arousal. The situation indirectly influences
attraction thru the transfer of the arousal (which is rewarding). High arousal= fear, disgust,
amusement
Examples she gave in class: The Bachelor → bungee jumping to a romantic setting, scary movie,
spicy food, movie clip--virginity went from technical to non-existent after the guy taught the girl
how to merge and exit a freeway for the first time (scary experience for her).
- Dutton & Aron (1974)- the Capilano suspension bridge experiment; the shaky bridge study;
feelings on shaky bridge similar to aroused state; shaky bridge more likely to write sexual
references/connotations; counterpoint is maybe risk takers are more likely to do stuff like that
anyway
§ How does proximity play a role in our romantic relationships and friendships?
Our friendships and romances grow out of interactions w/ those who are nearby because...
-People become familiar
-It’s convenient
-Easier to enjoy rewards
§ Similarity:
Document Summary
According to the us census bureau: group of related people living together. Household: group of people living together in a house unit (unrelated) Sociological perspective(abstract definition): family deals with reproduction and care and support for children and adults. How has the family changed over the years: reasons for marriage. Marrying for love is a new, modern idea. Political intrigues (ex: bring together powerful families, unite kingdoms, Economical arrangements/exchanges (father sold daughter in many ways, settle old debts) daughter came with a dowry) For survival (both adults have to work to make a living) (pre-industrial): to have children (for workers) transformative: children now play more than work: functions of family (the think book lists 7 things under functions of family. A: think book is irrelevant to all exams) Families use to run businesses together, farms, etc. Now typically families work independently of each other. No longer the same contract for production as part of society.
