BIO 325 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Gamete, Punnett Square, F1 Hybrid
• Most ut ot all utatios arise fro protei odig part of the gee
o Exome
▪ Exome is the Portion of the genome that encodes exons
▪ 1% of genome
▪ contains most disease gene mutations
▪ Exome is the sequence that makes mRNA, which makes protein
• Genetic is a powerful tool to study the relationship between genotype and phenotype
o Example: mutagenesis
o Mutagenesis determine gene function
Social Issues and Genetics
• Establishing guidelines for use and regulation of new technology
• Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act – passed by the federal government, 2008
• Trasgei Tehology geeti egieerig – routine in many animals
Lecture 2 – Genetics Before Mendel
Genetics Before Mendel
• Rudimentary genetics key to building human civilization
o Based largely on artifiial seletio – the process of breeding organisms from
certain phenotypic traits
o Takes advantage of natural variation in organisms
o Keep and propagate the individuals that have the most desirable traits
o Empirical no understanding of how traits are inherited
o Highly successful
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• People had ee usig artifiial seletio for , years ad up to 866, o oe
could explain or predict how traits are inherited
• 2 prevailing theories
o The homunculus (preformation)
▪ The sex cells contained a houulus iiature adult that gre
o Blended inheritance
Mendelian Genetics
• Fators that lead to Medel’s suess
o Chose a great model system
▪ Garden pea
▪ Grew well in Brno
▪ Male and female organs on same flower (perfect flower)
▪ Normally self fertilizing (selfing)
▪ Easy to cross fertilize
▪ Each generation produces large numbers of offspring
o Chose 7 great traits
▪ Clear cut alternate forms
▪ Could unambiguously distinguish characteristics
▪ Discrete vs continuous traits
o Mendel began with pure breeding lines
▪ Selfed yellow peas only gave rise to yellow peas
▪ Selfed wrinkled peas only gave rise to wrinkled peas
▪ Self purple flowered peas only gave rise to purple flowered peas
▪ True breeding or Pure Breeding – pure reedig refers to a lie of
individuals that on intercrossing always produce individuals of the same
phenotype
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