SOC 101 Study Guide - Final Guide: Patricia Hill Collins, George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman
27 Apr 2018
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1
Introduction to Sociology
Final Exam Review Sheet.
Conflict Perspective/Theory
Macrosocial perspective. Society is a struggle for limited resources and
power. People are shaped by power, coercion, and authority. Social order
maintained through force and coercion. Karl Marx – historic materialism,
bourgeoise vs. proletariat. W.E.B. DuBois – double consciousness, power
connected to race. Wells-Barnett – racial and gendered systems of
oppression.
Functionalist Perspective/Structural Functionalist Perspective
Macrosocial perspective. Society is stable & well integrated. People are
socialized to perform societal functions. Social order maintained through
cooperation and consensus. Emile Durkheim – Suicide, anomie, social facts.
Herbert Spencer – society as a social organism. Talcott Parsons – social roles.
Critical Feminist Perspective/Theory
Macro and micro social perspective. Society can only be understood in the
context of social location and social standpoint. People are shaped by the
interrelation between knowledge and power. Social order maintained by
perpetuation dominant standpoints. Dorothy Smith – feminist standpoint.
Patricia Hill Collins – combine analysis of race, gender, and class.
Interactionist Perspective/Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Microsocial perspective. Society is actively influenced and shaped by the
everyday interactions of individuals and groups. People manipulate symbols
and create their social worlds through interaction. Social order maintained
by shared understanding and behavior. George Herbert Mead – Significant
other, generalized other, Charles Goffman – Looking glass self. Erving
Goffman – dramaturgy, stigma.
Sociology
The systematic study of society and social interaction. OR the study of
external dynamics on human behavior.
Macrosociology
Sociological investigation that concentrates on large-scale phenomena or
entire civilizations.
Microsociology
Sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups and the
analysis of our everyday experiences and interactions.
Social Norms
Define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good,
right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them
Sanctions
A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors.
Mores
The moral views and principles of a group.
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2
Introduction to Sociology
Final Exam Review Sheet.
Folkways
Direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a
culture.
Laws
Formal norms enforced by the state.
Quantitative Research
Collects and reports data primarily in numerical form.
Qualitative Research
Relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical
data.
Independent Variables
Variables that cause changes in dependent variables.
Dependent Variables
A variable changed by other variables.
Research Design
Detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically.
Surveys
Collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about
behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire.
Participant
A person who takes part in something.
Observation
Research technique in which investigator collects information through direct
participation and/or by closely watching a group or community.
Ethnography
Observing a complete social setting and all that it entails.
Interview
A one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject.
Content Analysis
Applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned
from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand.
Sampling Techniques
Random sampling, snowball sampling, and convenience sampling. A way in
which a sample is taken.
Random Sample
A studys participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation
of a larger population.
Snowball Sample
When research participants recruit other participants for a test or study.
Convenience Sample
A non-probability sample in which the researcher uses the subjects that are
nearest and available to participate in the research study.
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3
Introduction to Sociology
Final Exam Review Sheet.
Experimental Group
Subjects in experiment who are exposed to an independent variable
introduced by a researcher.
Control Group
Subjects in experiment who are not introduced to independent variable by
researcher.
Gender
A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are
considered male or female.
Gender Expression
External expression of gender.
Gender Markers
An individuals efforts to convey gender identity.
Glass Ceiling
Invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of an individual because of
gender, race, ethnicity, or sexuality.
Heterosexual
Attraction to other sex.
Homosexual
Attraction to same sex.
Bisexual
Attraction to both sexes.
Institutional Discrimination
Denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that
results from the normal operations of a society.
Second Shift
The responsibilities of childcare and housework borne disproportionately by
women, in addition to their paid labor. /// Double burden – work outside the
home followed by unpaid reproductive labor – that many women face and
few men share equally.
Sex
A term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences
between males and females.
Sexism
The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another.
Sexual Orientation
A persons physical, mental,
emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female).
Sexuality
A persons capacity for sexual feelings.
Transgender
An adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and
characteristics that are other than their biological sex.
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Document Summary
Society is a struggle for limited resources and power. People are shaped by power, coercion, and authority. Social order maintained through maintained through force and coercion. Karl marx historic materialism, bourgeoise vs. proletariat. Dubois double consciousness, power connected to race. Wells-barnett racial and gendered systems of cooperation and consensus. Herbert spencer society as a social organism. Talcott parsons social roles. perpetuation dominant standpoints. Patricia hill collins combine analysis of race, gender, and class. by shared understanding and behavior. George herbert mead significant other, generalized other, charles goffman looking glass self. Society is actively influenced and shaped by the everyday interactions of individuals and groups. People manipulate symbols and create their social worlds through interaction. Society can only be understood in the context of social location and social standpoint. People are shaped by the interrelation between knowledge and power. The systematic study of society and social interaction. Or the study of external dynamics on human behavior.
