BIOS 350 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Polysaccharide, Tetanus, Cytotoxicity

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silverwildebeest198

9 Oct 2016

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Growth in bacteria is the increase in number of bacterial cells within a population. Growth trends within a bacterial population can be shown with a bacterial growth curve. Growth occurs in four phases: lag, log, stationary, and death. 1 lag log stationary death phase (log of number of bacteria vs. time) When dormant bacteria are transferred to a fresh medium that has enough nutrients, they spend time switching between dormant to actively growing state with their metabolic machinery. During the lag phase, the number of new bacterial cells is equivalent to the number of dying cells, resulting in a horizontal plot on the growth curve. The lag phase can last from less than an hour to days, depending on the species of bacteria. During the log phase, also called the exponential growth phase, the bacteria are actively undergoing binary fission. During the log phase, the bacteria double their numbers every generation period.

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Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following describes lipids?

a source of nutrients for organisms â¨

energy-storage molecules â¨

molecules having structural role in membranes â¨

molecules that are part of hormones and pigments â¨

all of the above â¨

2. Molecules bearing both polar and nonpolar groups are said to be which of the following?

a. hydrophilicâ¨

b. amphipathic

c. hydrophobic

d. polyfunctional

3. By definition, carbohydrates contain which elements?

carbon and hydrogen â¨

carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen â¨

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen â¨

carbon and oxygen â¨

4. Monosaccharides may link together to form polysaccharides by forming which type of bond?

a. hydrogen

b. peptideâ¨

c. ionicâ¨

d. glycosidic

5. Which of the following is the name for molecules whose structures are nonsuperimposable mirror images?

structural isomers â¨

monomers â¨

polymers â¨

enantiomers â¨

Which of the following is an organism that obtains its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from chemical compounds and its carbon from an inorganic source?

a. chemoautotroph

b. chemoheterotroph

c. photoheterotroph

d. photoautotroph

7. A cell might perform anaerobic respiration for which of the following reasons?

It lacks glucose for degradation. â¨

It lacks the transition reaction to convert â¨pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. â¨

It lacks Krebs cycle enzymes for processing â¨acetyl-CoA to CO2. â¨

It lacks a cytochrome oxidase for passing â¨electrons to oxygen. â¨

8. Which of the following is not an electron carrier within an electron transport system?

a. flavoprotein

b. ATP synthase

c. ubiquinone

d. cytochrome oxidase

9. Which of the following is the purpose of fermentation?

a. to make ATP

b. to make carbon molecule intermediates for anabolism

c. to make NADH

d. to make NAD+

10. Which of the following processes produces hydrogen sulfide?

anoxygenic photosynthesis â¨

oxygenic photosynthesis â¨

anaerobic respiration â¨

chemoautrophy â¨

11. In which growth phase would you observe the most endospores in a Bacillus cell culture?

death phase â¨

lag phase â¨

log phase â¨

log, lag, and death phases would all have roughly â¨the same number of endospores. â¨

12. Which of the following is the best definition of generation time in a bacterium?

a. the length of time it takes to reach the log phase â¨

b. the length of time it takes for a population of â¨cells to double â¨

c. the time it takes to reach stationary phase â¨

the length of time of the exponential phase â¨

If a culture starts with 50 cells, how many cells will be present after five generations with no cell death?

a. 200

b. 400

c. 1600

d. 3200

14. During which phase would penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, be most effective?

death phase â¨

lag phase â¨

log phase â¨

stationary phase â¨

15. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It does not grow in the absence of oxygen. The bacterium is probably which of the following?

an aerotolerant anaerobe â¨

an obligate aerobe â¨

an obligate anaerobe â¨

a facultative anaerobe â¨

16. Which of the following refers to photosynthesis performed by bacteria with the use of water as the donor of electrons?

a. oxygenicâ¨

b. anoxygenic

c. heterotrophic

d. phototrophic

17. Which term best describes the relationship between pathogenic bacteria and humans?
A. amensalism

B. commensalism

C. parasitism

D. predation

18. Which describes bacteria that require low concentrations of oxygen to survive (less than that in the current atmosphere)?

A. facultative anaerobes

B. microaerophiles

C. obligate aerobes

D. obligate anaerobes

19. Cyanobacteria produce which of the following?

A. hydrogen sulfide gas
B. large quantities of ammonia

C. oxygen*
D. sulfuric acid

20.How do Archaea differ from Bacteria?

A. Archaea are found exclusively in extreme habitats.
B. Archaea have ether linkages in their cell membranes.*

C. Archaea have peptidoglycan cell walls.

D. Archaea lack a nucleus.

HELP WITH BIO MULTI CHOICE QUESTIONS:

QUESTION 2

Which of the following structures discussed in class is NOT found on all bacteria?
Flagella
Capsid
Fimbria
Plasma membrane

QUESTION 3
You are presented with a strain of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic penicillin. What steps would you take to confirm that you have a resistant bacterium?
Perform a Gram stain to determine pink stained Gram-positive bacteria.
Perform a Gram stain to determine purple stained Gram-positive bacteria.
Perform a Gram stain to determine pink stained Gram-negative bacteria.
Perform a Gram stain to determine purple stained Gram-negative bacteria.

QUESTION 4
With respect to bacterial growth into a fresh culture tube containing nutrient broth, at which phase do organisms undergo binary fission the most rapidly?
Lag phase
Stationary
Exponential
death

QUESTION 5
How would antibiotic resistance be passed from one bacterium to another bacterium?
Through the flagella via a plasmid.
Through the sex pilus via chromosomal DNA.
Through the sex pilus via a plasmid.
Through the flagella via chromosomal DNA.

QUESTION 6
When an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, the strain is referred to as

Hfr.
F'.
F-.
F+.

QUESTION 7
If you remove the peptidoglycan layer from a Gram-positive cell, it would still stain purple with a Gram stain (T/F).
True
False

QUESTION 8
During infection with a bacteriophage, bacterial DNA is packaged into a capsid and will:

be integrated into the genome of a new bacterium upon ligation.
be integrated into the genome of a new virion upon recombination.
be integrated into the genome of a new bacterium upon recombination.
be integrated into the genome of a new virion upon liagation.

QUESTION 9
Which of the following statements best describes most bacteria?
They are generally harmful.
They are limited to living in a few habitats.
They are very common in the environment.
They are responsible for the âcommon cold.â

QUESTION 10
Prokaryotes lack some parts found in eukaryotic cells, including which item?
a nuclear membrane
DNA
one or more chromosomes
a plasma membrane
all of the above

QUESTION 11
With respect to gram negative bacteria, what is the order of the bacterial cell structure from outside to inside?
Thin peptidoglycan layer, plasma membrane

thick peptidoglycan layer, plasma membrane

outer membrane, thick peptidoglycan layer, plasma membrane

outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, plasma membrane

QUESTION 12
In transformation, a piece of DNA from a dead host can be taken up by living host

True
False

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1: Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6&14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2) 1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements: a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ 2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles (the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.)Select the correct answer or fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles: a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they use catabolism to break down glucose to make ATP and waste carbon is released as ___________. b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids,[bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs. c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S.Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals]convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals]eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their proteins. d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles. *The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs 3. Match the main metabolic classifications to the description: Classifications: photoautotroph/ photoheterotroph/ chemoautotroph/ chemoheterotroph o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon but gets energy from sunlight 4. Identify the phases of the bacterial growth curve and define what occurs in each phase Phase A = ______________ Definition: Phase B = ______________ Definition: Phase C = ______________ Definition: Phase D = ______________ Definition: Part 2: Unique ecosystems containing microbes 5. Watch the video that shows hydrothermal vents: https://youtu.be/RO3nO98gH_M a. Describe bacteria that live at the vents using terms from the unit 2 reading guide: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Write a 2-3 sentence reflection about hydrothermal vents and the contribution of microbes to this ecosystem: 6. Apply what you have learned to the TED-Ed video about Biofilms: https://youtu.be/pHLP5CZMnL4 a. Give the terms for cell structures mentioned in the video that we learned in Chapter 4 and 7: i. âsticky appendagesâ thatallows bacteria to attach and begin the biofilm: _______________ ii. Extracellular matrix/gooey matrix that holds cells together: ____________________________ iii. Exchange genetic information while packed together: ____________________________ iv. Communicate with each other by _________________________________________ sensing. v. Produce chemical to kill microbial competitors: ____________________________ factor.

BIOS 350 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Polysaccharide, Tetanus, Cytotoxicity

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