PSYCH 15 Study Guide - Final Guide: Sex Steroid, Corpus Callosum, Vasopressin
Final Study Guide
Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity
1. What are some of the causes of brain damage?
2. Be able to define the following:
Tumors
Meningiomas
Strokes
Cerebral hemorrhage and ischemia
Closed-head injuries, contusions, concussions
Encephalitis
Bacterial and viral infections
3. What are the features of brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia? What is the role of
glutamate?
4. What are the neuropsychological disorders? Know the following disorders:
Epilepsy (what are the differences between complex and simple partial seizures?
What is an aura? What is the difference between grand mal and petit mal
generalized seizures?)
Parkiso’s disease whih rai struture gets daaged?
Hutigto’s disease what is the geeti ause?
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheier’s disease what are the eurofirillary tagles ad ayloid plagues
5. What are the neuroplastic responses to nervous system damage? Describe degeneration,
regeneration, reorganization and recovery.
6. What is the cognitive reserve?
Learning and Memory
1. What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia? Who was the patient
H.M.? Which behavioral and cognitive deficits did H.M. have, and which skills were still intact
after his surgery?
2. Who was Clive Wearing? Which behavioral deficits did he suffer from?
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
3. Which tasks can be used to test memory function, in humans and animals?
4. What is the difference between explicit and implicit memories?
5. What is the function of the medial temporal lobe? What types of functions are affected in
animals with medial temporal lobe lesions?
6. What are the functions of hippocampus, amygdala, and rhinal cortex? What are the place cells?
Where are they found? What are the roles of the prefrontal cortex, striatum and cerebellum in
memory?
7. What is the memory consolidation?
8. What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory?
. Desrie He’s theory ad stadard osolidatio theory.
10. What is the reconsolidation? According to reconsolidation theory, when are the memories most
susceptible to modification?
11. Describe the synaptic mechanism of memory. What is the long-term potentiation (LTP)? What is
the difference between AMPA and NMDA receptors? How do these receptors contribute to LTP?
12. What is the associativity? How does it contribute to formation of false memories?
Hormones and Sex
1. What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
2. What are the 3 classes of hormones?
3. What are the sex steroids?
4. What are the functions of anterior and posterior pituitary? Which hormones do they release?
What are the tropic hormones?
5. How are hormone levels regulated? What are the roles of neural modulation, hormonal and
nonhormonal chemicals?
6. What are some of the sex differences in the brain? How can perinatal hormone levels contribute
to masculinization and feminization? What are the roles of testosterone and estradiol?
7. What is the aromatization hypothesis?
8. What are the roles of the medial preoptic area and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
in sexual behavior?
9. What are some of the theories of sexual orientation? What does the research evidence say
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
about them? Does homosexual behavior occur in species other than humans?
Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian rhythms
1. What are the standard physiological measures of sleep?
2. What are the sleep stages? How does the brain activity differ across them?
3. What is REM sleep? And how is it related to dreaming?
4. What is the Activation-Synthesis Theory?
5. What are the recuperation and adaptation theories of sleep?
6. What are some of the effects of short-term and long-term sleep deprivation? Which behavioral
functions are the most affected? What are the effects of REM-sleep deprivation?
7. What are the circadian rhythms? Which physiological functions do they affect?
8. What are the zeitgebers? Which environment cues affect circadian rhythms? Which strategies
may be effective in alleviating the jet lag?
9. What is the function of subrachiasmatic nucleus?
10. What are the four brain areas involved in sleep regulation?
11. Name sleep disorders. Which disorders contribute to insomnia? What are some of the
symptoms and disorders associated with narcolepsy?
Lateralization and Language
1. Name the commissures connecting left and right hemispheres. What is the largest commissure?
2. Which hemisphere contributes most to language production and comprehension? What is the
Broa’s area? Where is it loated?
3. What are the tests used to study lateralization?
4. What do the studies with split-brain patients demonstrate? Describe the evidence
demonstrating that the left and right hemispheres can function independently from each other
following split-brain surgery.
5. Give examples of cerebral lateralization of function. Which functions is each hemisphere
superior in?
6. What are some of the anatomical brain asymmetries? Which brain structures are different
between the left and right hemispheres?
7. Is brain lateralization unique to humans or present in other species as well? What might be
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Brain damage and neuroplasticity: what are some of the causes of brain damage, be able to define the following: What is the difference between grand mal and petit mal generalized seizures?) Parki(cid:374)so(cid:374)"s disease (cid:894)whi(cid:272)h (cid:271)rai(cid:374) stru(cid:272)ture gets da(cid:373)aged? (cid:895) Hu(cid:374)ti(cid:374)gto(cid:374)"s disease (cid:894)what is the ge(cid:374)eti(cid:272) (cid:272)ause? (cid:895) What are the roles of the prefrontal cortex, striatum and cerebellum in memory: what is the memory consolidation, what is the difference between semantic and episodic memory? (cid:1013). According to reconsolidation theory, when are the memories most susceptible to modification: describe the synaptic mechanism of memory. Which strategies may be effective in alleviating the jet lag: what is the function of subrachiasmatic nucleus, what are the four brain areas involved in sleep regulation, name sleep disorders. Describe the evidence demonstrating that the left and right hemispheres can function independently from each other following split-brain surgery: give examples of cerebral lateralization of function.
