BIO 110 Study Guide - Final Guide: Van Der Waals Force, Null Hypothesis, Negative Feedback
Final Study Guide – Bio
Chapter 1:
1.1: Living Organisms Share Common Aspects
- Organisms share a common ancestor (because have some combination of the below)
o Composed of similar chemical parts (DNA, amino acids, membranes)
o Depend on complex interactions btw various parts
o Universal genetic code
o Cause rxns btw molecules in their environment
o Use rxn to create energy
o Same form of replication
o Have structural similarities in genes
o Evolve gradually
- History of life:
o Cell membranes form
▪ Allows for reactants and products to be controlled into stable rxn
▪ These first cells are called prokaryotes
• Some start to use photosynthesis which creates the atmosphere,
which allows for eukaryotes (unicellular organisms with a nucleus
and organelles → made by endosymbiosis – engulfing of another
cell and then working together as partners)
o Eukaryotic cells fail to divide and create multicellular eukaryotes
1.2: Life Depends on Organization and Energy
- Feedback: when a process is affected by amount of a component of the system
o Positive feedback: speeds the system
o Negative feedback: slows the system
1.4: Evolution Explains the Diversity as well as the Unity of Life
- Darwin’s natural selection – organisms with favorable mutations will have more success
in reaching reproduction which means that they have more chance of passing on their
adaptation
1.5: Scientific Method
Scientific Method: the use of experimentation to “prove” something by eliminating other options
1. Observations
2. Ask questions
3. Hypothesis to answer the question
4. Make predictions based on your hypothesis
5. Test the hypothesis through a clean experiment that has a control
a. Controlled experiment: manipulates variables to see effect
b. Comparative experiment: compares un-manipulated data from many sources
6. Determine statistical significance
Designing an experiment:
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- The null hypothesis is the opposite of the original hypothesis. Its one where there isn’t
any correlation between the two factor (ind. and dep.)
- Must have a control:
o Positive control: a group where the phenomenon is expected
o Negative control: a group where no phenomenon is expected
Chapter 2:
2.1: Atomic Structure is the Basis for Life’s Chemistry
- Structure:
o Protons – positive charge
o Neutrons – neutral charge
o Electrons – negative charge, very small
- Element: contains only one type of atom
o Atomic number: # of protons, determines what type of element
o Mass number: # of protons + # of neutrons. It is actually the average of the
elements isotopes
o Isotopes: the same element with a varying amount of neutrons, most have similar
properties
o Isomers: the same molecular formula but a different structure, giving it different
properties
2.2: Bonds:
- Covalent bond
o Very strong
- Unequal electron sharing
o ∆EN sometimes causes the electrons not to be shared equally
▪ if <.5 – covalent
▪ if >.5 – polar covalent (dipoles)
▪ if extremely different, then ionic
o EN depends on # of positive charges and the distance between the + charges and
the valence electrons
▪ This means that EN increases down the row and decreases down the
columns
- H-bonds
o Much weaker bond (though in numbers it is pretty strong)
o Can change the structure of certain things
- Ionic bonds
o Large ∆EN difference causes the more EN atom to steal the electron of the other
and make two ions (cation + charge; anion – charge)
Name
Basis of Interaction
Bond Energy
Covalent
Sharing of electrons
50 – 110
Ionic
Attraction of opposite charges
3 – 7
Hydrogen
Sharing of H atom (btw molecules)
3 – 7
Hydrophobic
interactions
Interaction of non-polar substance in the presence of polar
1 – 2
Van der waals
Interaction of electrons in non-polar substances
1
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2.3: Carbohydrates
- CmH2mOm
- H2O soluble
- Functions
o Source of stored energy
o Used to transport stored energy
o Structural molecules that give organisms their shapes
o Recognition or signaling molecules
- Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
o Monosaccharides linked through glycosidic linkages, condensation reactions
o Remove an H2O
o We can eat things that are branched because it has more surface area for us to be
able to digest it
- Glycogen v. Cellulose
o Used for structure instead of energy
o Cellulose is unbranched and h-bonds with itself instead of with water making it
insoluble and indigestible
2.4: Lipids
- Function:
o Store energy
o Structural
o Electron carriers
o Hormones
o Intracellular messengers
o Fat for insulation
- Triglycerides:
o Made up of three fatty acid tails and a glycerol
- Saturated lipids: all bonds are single (fat)
- Unsaturated lipids: at least one bond is not a single bond (oil)
- Phospholipids
o Are amphipathic
o Bilayer is due to the hydrophobic effect which adds entropy when lipids are
grouped together and excluded from the water because there is less surface area
that needs to be covered and more water molecules that can make interact with
other polar molecules
- Cis v. trans:
o Cis: Hs that branch from the Cs that are double bounded are on the same side
o Trans: Hs that branch from the Cs that are double bounded are on opposite sides
- Why does fat yield more energy than glycogen?
o We make energy by oxidizing carbon atoms. Since fat’s carbons are less oxidized
than glycogen’s, we can oxidize it further and remove more energy
2.5: Energy Changes with Reactions
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Document Summary
Feedback: when a process is affected by amount of a component of the system: positive feedback: speeds the system, negative feedback: slows the system. 1. 4: evolution explains the diversity as well as the unity of life. Darwin"s natural selection organisms with favorable mutations will have more success in reaching reproduction which means that they have more chance of passing on their adaptation. The null hypothesis is the opposite of the original hypothesis. Its one where there isn"t any correlation between the two factor (ind. and dep. ) Must have a control: positive control: a group where the phenomenon is expected, negative control: a group where no phenomenon is expected. 2. 1: atomic structure is the basis for life"s chemistry. Structure: protons positive charge, neutrons neutral charge. Element: contains only one type of atom: atomic number: # of protons, determines what type of element, mass number: # of protons + # of neutrons.
