PSY 399 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Leg Before Wicket, Novelty Seeking, Impulsivity
3 Jun 2018
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PSY 399 Spring 2018 ~ Global Child Health & Development Midterm 1 Study Guide
90% of your midterm will come from material covered in both the readings and lectures. The
exam will comprise some multiple-choice questions, but mostly short and longer essay questions.
There will be some choice of which essay prompt you choose.
We will design the test to be completed in approximately 60- to 70-minutes.
1. Key terms/concepts (should be able to define and illustrate in 1-3 sentences):
● Health
○ State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity
● Global health
○ A notion: current state of global health
○ An objective: a world of healthy people, a condition of global health
○ Mix of scholarship, research, and practice
○ Biological processes and psychological, and social processes affect each other and
thereby influence health and disease
○ Allows for a focus on interactions, rather than relying solely on deterministic
biological or psychosocial explanations
○ A view of health as the interconnection of all living organisms on the planet,
including the planet
● Global burden of disease
○ Study both regional and global that looks at mortality and disability of major
diseases
● Double burden of disease
○ Coexistence of undernutrition with overweight and obesity or diet related to non-
communicable diseases
● Convention on the rights of children
○ A human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, social,
health, and cultural rights of children, not ratified in US
● Human Development Index
○ Estimate of national development based on:
■ Composite data of longevity: one’s life expectancy at birth
■ Knowledge: school and adult literacy rate
■ Income: GPA per capita in purchasing power parity dollars
● Social and biological determinants of health
○ Social: can be discrimination, income, and gender that affect how one receives
medical care
○ Biological: sex and age
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
● Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
○ Eradicate extreme poverty/ hunger
○ Universal primary education
○ Gender equality and empower women
○ Reduce child mortality
○ Improve maternal health
○ Combat hiv/aids and other diseases
○ Environmental stability
○ Global partnership for development
● Sustainable Development Goals
○ Recreation of Millenium Development Goals, goal by 2030
○ No poverty, no hunger, good health, quality education, gender equality, clean
water and sanitation, energy, economic growth, ext.
● Communicable diseases
○ Spread by: physical contact with an infected person, such as through touch, sexual
intercourse (gonorrhea, HIV), fecal/oral transmission (hepatitis A), or droplets
(influenza, TB)
● Non-communicable diseases
○ Also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are result of a
combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviours factors
○ Physical disorders, mental disorders, and substance use disorders are examples of
non-communicable diseases
● Biosocial interactions
○ Interactions between social and biological determinants of health, since they both
determine one’s health status based on how they interact with one another
● Bioecological model
○ Can be applied to both children and maturing adults, and is thus a lifespan
approach to development
○ Framework emphasizes importance of understanding bidirectional influences
between individuals’ development and their surrounding environmental contexts
● Biological embedding of experience
○ How adversity is built in the body
○ Early challenges to health like toxic stress, environmental exposures and
malnutrition in the first 1000 days influence lifelong health
○ Experience alters biodevelopment
○ Stable and long lasting difficult almost impossible to reverse, can transfer across
generations
○ Shape developmental trajectories health learning life course
● Experience-dependent development
○ Built thru "contingent interaction" or "serve and return"
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
○ Brain is dependent of rick and social interactions. The interaction between adults
and babies help create neuroconnections building the emotional and cognitive
needs for everyday life
○ Ex: when the baby sees an object the adult says the name of the object
● Mechanisms of embedding
○ Includes: Fetal Programming, GXE Interaction & Epigenetic Modifications, Brain
Development and Cumulative Stress
○ Occur in the 1st 1000 days (and beyond)
● Multiple levels of risk
○ Biological: brain systems, neurochemistry, genetics
■ Nutrition deficiencies, infectious diseases, toins, exposures
○ Individual: differences, perceptions and cognitive, behavior
■ Low birth weight, temperament, cognitive factors, emotional factors
○ Social: interpersonal behavior
■ Inadequate caregiving, violence exposure, social isolation
○ Cultural: norms, beliefs, values, symbols, ethnicity
■ Gender inequities, health attitudes, child-focused practices
● Risk
○ Probability of a negative outcome within a defined population of subjects
● Risk factors
○ Characteristics that have been shown to precede the outcome and to be associated
with an increase in the likelihood of that outcome over base rates in general
population
● Risk processes
○ How risk factors work together to increase likelihood of: mortality, morbidity and
risk processes
● Resilience:
○ Overcoming or not succumbing to risk
● Resilience factors:
○ Things that support the ability to be resilient
■ Access to health care, good parents, good governments, lack of poverty
● Protective processes:
○ How buffers and adaptive processes work together to mitigate/moderate risk
factors/processes
● Fetal programming of disease
○ risks of number of chronic diseases in adulthood, such as diabetes, hypertension,
coronary heart disease, stroke, have their origins perinatal period (22 weeks of
gestation)
○ Newer research is finding similar link to mental health outcomes
● Epigenetics
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Psy 399 spring 2018 ~ global child health & development midterm 1 study guide. 90% of your midterm will come from material covered in both the readings and lectures. The exam will comprise some multiple-choice questions, but mostly short and longer essay questions. There will be some choice of which essay prompt you choose. We will design the test to be completed in approximately 60- to 70-minutes: key terms/concepts (should be able to define and illustrate in 1-3 sentences): State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. A notion: current state of global health. An objective: a world of healthy people, a condition of global health. Biological processes and psychological, and social processes affect each other and thereby influence health and disease. Allows for a focus on interactions, rather than relying solely on deterministic biological or psychosocial explanations.
