BSC 300 Study Guide - Final Guide: V(D)J Recombination, Histocompatibility, Microrna

133 views19 pages

silvercicada472

1 Dec 2016

School

University of Alabama

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BSC 300

Professor

Yoder

For unlimited access to Study Guides, a Grade+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Cell signaling: general characteristics of signal transduction systems. Extracellular messenger molecules transmit messages between cells: autocrine signaling: cell receptors respond to self-generated messenger, paracrine signaling: messenger molecules travel short distances through extracellular space, endocrine signaling: messenger molecules travel through bloodstream. Signaling pathways: a series of protein interactions that initiate a cellular response: each protein in the pathway alters the conformation of the next protein, kinases add phosphate groups, phosphatases remove them, overall process is called signal transduction. Protein phosphorylation can change protein behavior in different ways: activate or inactivate an enzyme, increase of decrease p-p interactions, alter subceullar location of protein, trigger ubiquitination and protein degradation, phosphorylation patterns differ between cell types. Receptors: g protein coupled-receptors produce secondary messengers. Largest superfamily of proteins encoded by animal genomes. Have seven alpha helical transmembrane domains and interact with cytoplasmic. Natural ligands: hormones, neurotransmitters, opium derivatives, chemoattractants, and photons. G proteins are heterotrimeric: composed of 3 subunits; alpha, beta, and gamma.

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Which of the following is an example of an extracellular signal molecule?

	a.	IP₃
	b.	cAMP
	c.	Insulin
	d.	Diacylglycerol

2 points

QUESTION 2

Nuclear hormone receptors _____

	a.	Bind to water soluble ligands
	b.	Activate second messengers
	c.	Regulate transcription in response to ligand binding
	d.	Are normally located on the plasma membrane

2 points

QUESTION 3

Which of the following does not occur when a receptor tyrosine kinase is bound by ligand?

	a.	Phosphorylation of the RTK
	b.	Cytoplasmic proteins bind the phosphorylated RTK
	c.	Dimerization of the RTK
	d.	The RTK binds to DNA to regulate transcription

2 points

QUESTION 4

Which of these is a logical signal-transduction pathway?

	a.	An intracellular receptor activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane protein to form IP₃, which then activates the opening of an ER channel protein, which releases cyclic AMP into the cytoplasm, where it binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
	b.	A G-protein-linked receptor activates G protein, which activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane lipid to form IP₃, which binds to a calcium channel on the ER, which opens to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which bind to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
	c.	An ion-channel receptor opens, allowing a steroid hormone to enter the cell; the steroid hormone then activates protein kinases that convert GTP to GDP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
	d.	A tyrosine-kinase receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which activates phospholipase C, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.

2 points

QUESTION 5

Which of the following is an example of signal amplification?

	a.	activation of an enzyme molecule
	b.	activation of a specific gene by a growth factor
	c.	Breakdown of many cAMP molecules
	d.	activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event

2 points

QUESTION 6

Consider a signal transduction pathway that utilizes cAMP as a second messenger to activate PKA (Protein Kinase A). Which of the following situations will result in the cellular response?

		The G protein releases GDP and binds to GTP
		The target protein (adenylyl cyclase) is inactive
		The regulatory subunits of PKA (Protein Kinase A) are bound to the catalytic subunits
		The appropriate G protein is bound to GDP

2 points

QUESTION 7

Which of the following is found in only some signal transduction pathways? [In other words, which is not found in all signal transduction pathways?]

		Receptor protein
		Extracellular signal molecule
		Intracellular signaling molecule
		Cellular response
		Effector protein

2 points

QUESTION 8

The enzyme that specifically catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP is:

		Adenylyl phosphatase
		Adenylyl kinase
		Adenylyl dehydrogenase
		Adenylyl cyclase

2 points

QUESTION 9

If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?

		It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
		It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
		It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger.
		It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal.

2 points

QUESTION 10

A hormone signal is sent from the brain to other parts of the body via the bloodstream. Why do only certain cells respond to this signal?

		Hormones do not last long enough in the bloodstream to stimulate a cellular response
		Only cells that have a specific transcription factor gene will be able to respond to the signal
		Only cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell sending the signal will respond
		Only cells that have a receptor for the specific signal will be able to respond to it

cerisehedgehog846

BSC 300 Study Guide - Final Guide: V(D)J Recombination, Histocompatibility, Microrna

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BSC 300 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Vasodilation, Autocrine Signalling, Paracrine Signalling

BSC 300 Chapter 15: Chapter 15 Textbook Notes

BSC 300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Cgmp-Dependent Protein Kinase, Protein Kinase B, Cell Membrane

Related Questions