BIOL 190 Study Guide - Final Guide: Nuclear Pore, Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance, Start Codon

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27 Feb 2017

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4 classes of molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Dna and rna are types of nucleic acids. Polymers molecules made from identical or similar blocks strung together. The building bocks of polymers are called monomers. A cell makes a large group of polymers from a small group of monomers. Proteins are made from only 20 different amino acids. Dna is built from 4 kinds of monomers nucleotides. Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is known as a gene. Genes (cid:272)o(cid:374)sist of dna (cid:894)t(cid:455)pe of (cid:374)u(cid:272)lei(cid:272) a(cid:272)id(cid:895); i(cid:374)herited fro(cid:373) a(cid:374) orga(cid:374)is(cid:373)"s pare(cid:374)ts; pro(cid:448)ides directions for its own repli(cid:272)atio(cid:374); a(cid:374)d progra(cid:373)s a (cid:272)ell"s a(cid:272)ti(cid:448)ities (cid:271)(cid:455) dire(cid:272)ti(cid:374)g the s(cid:455)(cid:374)thesis of proteins. Dna & rna are made up of monomers called nucleotides (the repeating subunit of dna) Nucleotides have 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar (ribose in rna & deoxyribose in dna), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (a, t, c, g)

Related Questions

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

sangriarat617

Which of the two major categories of the chemical reactions in photosynthesis is oxygen the INDIRECT product?

Glycolysis

Oxidative phosphorylation

Both light and dark

Light independent phase (LIP)

Light dependent phase (LDP)

You have a stomach flu characterized by vomiting. Which of the following systems is most responsible for the food in your stomach going the wrong way, e.g. vomiting? (Disregard this question and answer choice B)

Cardiac Muscle in the large intestine as discussed in class.

Smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract

Smooth muscle in the blood vessels

Skeletal muscle in the intestine

Proteins are made from which of the following smaller sub units?

Nucleotides

Amino acids that cannot enter the blood stream and go to cells

Monosaccharides

Fatty acids

Amino acids which can form new protein

Carbohydrates are digested in the gastrointestinal system into which of the following substances that is the smallest structure?

Polysaccharides that are produced by glucagon

Monosaccharides that are produced by insulin

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharide

Which of the following biomolecules has the longest digestion time? In other words, how long does it take for the biomolecule to be catabolized?

DNA

Lipid

Carbohydrate

Protein

You are sunburned after a long day at the beach. Which one is not an example of UV damage to your skin cells?

A mutation can occur in your ovaries

A mutation can occur in skin cell DNA that can lead to errors in transcription.

Errors can occur during DNA replication.

UV light can cause mutations in DNA of skins cells.

Thymine bases in your skin DNA bond with each other instead of across the double helix

This region, the ______________ (a) tells RNA polymerase where to bind to DNA while this region, the ______________ (b) tells RNA where to start transcription.

(a) promoter, (b) open reading frame

(a) start codon, (b) methionine

(a) promoter, (b) start site

(a) start site, (b) promoter

The genetic code is used to translate ______________ into ______________.

lipids, nucleotides

nucleotides,carbohydrates

nucleotides, lipids

nucleotides, amino acids

nucleosides, amino acids

Transcription of a gene has just completed. What are the next steps (in the correct order) to complete expression of that gene?

RNA polymerase makes a copy of DNA into mRNA.

mRNA is translated in the nucleus and ribosomal RNA moves into the cytoplasm.

Gene expression is completed after transcription.

mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and with tRNA they interact to form protein

Translation machinery moves into the nucleus and mRNA is translated into protein.

How is it that a mutation in DNA stored inside the nucleus of a cell can cause a disease affecting multiple organs?

This remains an unanswered question in science that scientists are still trying to figure out.

The mutated DNA is expressed in multiple cells through the process of transcription and translation, and the altered protein causes the disease wherever the DNA was expressed.

The mutated DNA is expressed in one cell and the altered protein travels to multiple organs to cause disease.

The mutated DNA is expressed and the mRNA takes the mutated information to other cells where the altered protein is made to cause disease in that organ.

The advantage of sickle cell anemia is which of the following?

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoes carrying malaria will live

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoe's blood form will die.

It allows the blood vessels to decrease the amount of blood going to the toes and feet.

There is none.

Which of the following is a purpose of cell division?

Cell reproduction

Growth

Repair

All of these

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The function of tRNA is to

Select one:

a. provide a site for polypeptide synthesis

b. transport amino acids to the ribosome

c. transcribe DNA

d. transform DNA

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The lipid bi-layer is

Select one:

a. hydrophilic

b. hydrophobic

c. hydrophilic and hydrophobic

d. depends on the surrounding medium

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Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one:

a. carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic molecules.

b. living things use carbohydrates for structure and for energy storage.

c. carbohydrates are composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

d. none of the above â they are all true

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Which of the following terms correctly describes a compound featuring more than one double bond?

Select one:

a. saturated

b. polyunsaturated

c. monounsaturated

d. disaturated

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Eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are protected from modification by

Select one:

a. 5' caps

b. 5' poly-A caps

c. 3' caps

d. 5'-3' poly tails

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The methods of membrane transport that don't require protein channels or carriers are

Select one:

a. osmosis

b. diffusion

c. phagocytosis

d. exocytosis

e. all of the above

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Complete the following sentences: "Primary active transport is dependent on __________. Secondary active transport is dependent on __________ created by __________.

Select one:

a. channel proteins, electrochemical gradient, carrier proteins

b. electrochemical gradient, ATP, mitochondria

c. electrochemical gradient, ATP, primary active transport

d. ATP, electrochemical gradient, primary active transport

e. carrier proteins, electrochemical gradient, channel protein

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Which of the following is a reduced compound?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. O2

c. N2

d. NAD +

e. NADH

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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their:

Select one:

a. base sequence

b. size

c. percentage of labelled nucleotides

d. electrical charge

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G0 is:

Select one:

a. part of interphase

b. the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs

c. the phase of the cell cycle where two identical daughter cells are created

d. a special "resting" phase in which cells are in a non cycling state

e. a special phase where the number of chromosomes in a parent cell is reduced by half such that each daughter cell contains only one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes

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At which pH will the concentration of hydrogen ions be equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?

Select one:

a. pH 1

b. pH 5

c. pH 7

d. pH 9

e. pH 14

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Which of the following enzymes has proofreading activity?

Select one:

a. Ligase

b. Helicase

c. Topoisomerase

d. DNA polymerase

e. Peptidyl transferase

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The process of _______________ cuts introns from the primary transcript and the final "processed" mRNA is produced.

Select one:

a. RNA cleaving

b. RNA translocation

c. RNA elongation

d. RNA splicing

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Transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to

Select one:

a. a promoter

b. an initiator

c. a transciptor

d. a codon

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Complete the following sentences: "__________ connect the extracellular matrix with microfilaments. __________ connect intermediate filaments from adjacent cells."

Select one:

a. Cadherins, Integrins

b. Connexins, Cadherins

c. Integrins, Cadherins

d. Integrins, Connexins

e. Connexins, Integrins

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Which of the following regions of RNAs are translated?

Select one:

a. 5' UTR

b. exons

c. introns

d. 3' UTR

e. poly-A

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Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Select one:

a. only the transcriptional level

b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels

c. epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels

d. epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels

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Cellular organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes are called:

Select one:

a. peroxisomes

b. lysosomes

c. ribosomes

d. mesosomes

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______ are chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in order to keep the pH constant.

Select one:

a. acids

b. bases

c. salts

d. buffers

e. carbohydrates

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Which of the following proteins appear in some stages of the cell cycle and are degraded at other stages?

Select one:

a. kinases

b. cyclins

c. nucleotides

d. phosphatases

e. none of the above

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Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

Select one:

a. mitochondrion photosynthesis

b. nucleus cellular respiration

c. ribosome manufacture of lipids

d. lysosome movement

e. central vacuole storage

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What is the sequence corresponding to the following electropherogram obtained by Sanger sequencing (green: A; red:T; black: G; blue: C)?

Select one:

a. CCGTTATGAAC

b. GGCTTATGAAG

c. CAACTATTGCC

d. GGCAATAGTTG

e. CCGTTATCAAC

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Which of the following statement is true

Select one:

a. the two DNA strands are parallel and complementary

b. the two DNA strands are anti parallel and non-complementary

c. the two DNA strands are anti-parallel and complementary

d. none of these

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The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is specifically called

Select one:

a. metabolism

b. anabolism

c. catabolism

d. enzymatic reactions

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When DNA replication starts

Select one:

a. the phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break

b. the bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break

c. the leading strand produces Okazaki fragments

d. the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

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A(n)_______ is the movement of a segment of a chromosome from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome

Select one:

a. inversion

b. translocation

c. deletion

d. duplication

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Complete the following sentences: "Replication forks from the same origin of replication extend __________. __________ DNA strand is used as template for the leading strand at one fork and for the lagging strand at the second fork. New DNA is synthesized from 5' to 3' on the __________."

Select one:

a. unidirectionally, A different, both the leading and lagging strands

b. bidirectionally, The same, leading strand

c. bidirectionally, The same, lagging strand

d. unidirectionally, A different, leading strand

e. bidirectionally, The same, both the leading and lagging strands

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Manufacturing recombinant DNA molecules involves cutting a gene from its normal location, inserting it into a circular piece of DNA from a bacterial cell, and then transferring the circle of DNA to cells of another species. Which of the below describe the circular piece of DNA?

Select one:

a. restriction enzyme

b. plasmid

c. bacteriophage

d. transposon

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Complete the following chemical equation to make it balanced: glycerol + ___ ? triacylglycerol + ___

Select one:

a. 3 fatty acid, 3 H2O

b. fatty acid, H2O

c. 3 OH-, 3 H+

d. 3 H2O, 3 fatty acid

e. fatty acid, 3 H2O

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Which structure is found in plant cells but not animal cells? Check all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Cell wall

b. Chloroplast

c. Plastid

d. Central vacuole

e. Lysosomes

brownhound170

BIOL 190 Study Guide - Final Guide: Nuclear Pore, Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance, Start Codon

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