01:146:329 Study Guide - Final Guide: Entamoeba, Apicomplexan Life Cycle, Naegleria

NOTE: This lab assignment has questions related to binomial nomenclature. Please note that the assessment system does not accept formatted text, so you will need to indicate any italicized words by adding “IT” in parentheses after each word that is to be written in italics, (IT). For example, the common fruit fly is genus Drosphila and species melanogaster. When written, it is Drosophila melanogaster. From this example, the correct way to represent the italicized words is by typing, Drosphila (IT) melanogaster (IT).

Record the classes for each of the following arthropods, as determined from the dichotomous key (16 points): Organism 1 (Spider) Organism 2 (Bee) Organism 3 (Beetle) Organism 4 (Blue crab) Organism 5 (Crayfish) Organism 6 (Tick) Organism 7 (Fiddler crab) Organism 8 (Centipede) Organism 9 (Shrimp) Organism 10 (Millipede) Organism 11 (Wasp) Organism 12 (Grasshopper) Organism 13 (Horseshoe Crab) Organism 14 (Mole Crab) Organism 15 (Scorpion) Organism 16 (Squilla) Provide the family name for each shark based on the use of the dichotomous key provided (14 points): Shark 1 Shark 2 Shark 3 Shark 4 Shark 5 Shark 6 Shark 7 Shark 8 Shark 9 Shark 10 Shark 11 Shark 12 Shark 13 Shark 14 Submit the dichotomous key for the "imaginary" animals. (10 points) When might a prepared key be used to identify biological organisms? (5 points) Why are there only two choices for each step in the dichotomous key? (3 points) Why are observation skills important when working with dichotomous keys? (5 points) List the domain, kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, and species of humans. (9 points) domain kingdom phylum subphylum class order family genus species What is the scientific name for humans? (4 points) It is estimated that there are more than 1 million species of insects on this planet. Based on this and information gained from this laboratory, what phylum most likely comprises over 90% of the Earth's species? Briefly justify your answer. (4 points) Scorpions and spiders both belong to the same class called Arachnida. Birds and fish both belong to the phylum Chordata. Which two organisms are more closely related? Explain why. (5 points) Using the evolutionary distances from the protein sequences activity (Step 4 of the procedures), fill in the diagram below. The letters should correspond with the sequence numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). (5 points) A B C D E

1. Human papilloma virus serotypes 1 and 2 (HPV-1 & HPV-2) both cause benign skin warts. Explain the likely outcome of the following two scenarios and explain in detail why you expect these outcomes. In both scenarios, a person is infected with HPV-1 in January 2012, develops a skin wart which resolves (disappears) without treatment by December 2012. Scenario 1: The same person is re-infected with HPV-1 in January 2013. Scenario 2: the same person is infected with HPV-2 in January 2013.

2. Why do herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV-1 or HSV-2) infections recur at or near the site of the original infection? Why is HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection not eliminated from the body when the symptoms of the initial infection subside? Explain both answers in detail.

3. Describe the mechanisms responsible for antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza virus. Which mechanism is responsible for the yearly changes in influenza virus and which may create strains of influenza virus that result in pandemics?

4. What organism causes syphilis? How can it be treated and prevented? Describe the stages of syphilis including the order in which they appear and the symptoms of each stage.

5. Name and describe in detail the three stages of disease caused by HIV infection in the order in which they occur. What defines the beginning and end of each stage and what events occur to cause the transitions from each stage to the next?

6. Name and describe the five modes of action of antibacterial drugs. Give an example of a drug that works by each mode of action and state whether it is broad or narrow spectrum and/or suited for treatment of Gram negative or Gram positive infections.

7. Explain the mechanism of action of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Why does it not harm uninfected cells?

8. Name and describe one of the seven most common neglected tropical diseases. Describe the organism that causes the disease, the symptoms, drugs used to treat it and the approximate number of people affected. Why is it necessary to treat the entire population in a geographic region rather than just those suffering symptoms in order to prevent new infections?

9. Describe and explain the causes of rheumatic fever. Why is it important for patients to complete the dose of antibiotics prescribed for "strep throat"?

10. What organism causes Lyme disease? How is it transmitted to humans and why is it most prevalent in parts of New England and the northern Midwest? Describe the possible long-term sequelae of Lyme disease.

11. Describe the five stages of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Which stages are seen in asymptomatic infected individuals and which are found in people that have active infectious tuberculosis?

12. Describe the six stages of rabies virus infection and pathology including the common sources of infection in the USA. Explain why fatal disease can be prevented by vaccination after infection.

13. Describe the four mechanisms by which bacteria can become resistant to antibacterial drugs. Describe two ways bacteria may be genetically modified to achieve drug resistance naturally.