EEOB 2520 Midterm: Exam 2 Prep
2 May 2018
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Exam 2 Material
Subcellular Composition
Key to physiology= understand how ions and proteins work
• Ions- have a charge associated with them
• Can also use the word electrolytes for ions- they are synonymous
o Net Positive- ion with this is called Cation (ex: Ca2+, H+)
o Net Negative- ion with this is called Anion (ex: Cl-)
• Free Radical- single e- (electron) in outer orbit
o single E- are unstable, they do not like being alone
o they want to pair, so they will grab any electron they can
o Free Radicals remove an electron from another
o Oxidizing= when take an E- from something, we ae doing oxidation
o Free Radicals= Oxidizers
o Is this a good thing? Can be depending on what it is taking from
o We make these Free Radicals
o Your immune system when you get sick makes these Free Radicals to aid in the battle
o We only make these when we really need them (ex:sick), do not want them around
when we are healthy, they will attack our cells that are good and that we need
o There are tradeoffs happening because of this
o They are effective against pathogens and can use them to win, but as soon as you're
healthier, we need to clear them out so they don't do any damage to your body or cells
o Effective but indiscriminant
o Need to be neutralized --> Donors (ex: vitamin A/D)- they give up and electron to
neutralize the Free Radical but not turn into a Free Radical themselves
o Donors = antioxidants - better to take these when you are getting healthier not when
you are getting sick
o Ex: Superoxide Anion (O2 -) There is a square in between the 2 and -
o square= included when a free radical
o Ex: Nitric Oxide (NO)- has a square after the O
o Ex: Hydroxyl Radical (OH)- has a square after H
Molecular Bonds
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Covalent: sharing of E-
o Create a pair, held together by the set of electrons
o ex: H2O- the O held together by two electrons to the H
o Ideal to when sharing, be 50/50
o But this sharing is not always equal- ex: O pulls the H closer to it, so it gains a little bit of
negative charge, not be enough to be an anion, but so H does not get the full negative
part from E it should get, so it is a little bit positive
o If not sharing equally- one will be a little partial charge negative and one will have a little
partial charge positive
o Polar Vs. Nonpolar
▪ Polar: when there are partial charges- NOT sharing equally. Ex: water
▪ Nonpolar: when there is nopartial charge- SHARING equally. Ex: oils (lipids/fats)
▪ Water is Hydro
▪ Oil is Lipo
▪ Polar- hydrophilic
▪ Nonpolar- hydrophobic
▪ Polar- Lipophobic
▪ Nonpolar- Lipophillic
▪ Polar likes ater, does’t like oil
▪ Nonpolar likes oil, doesn't like water
▪ Polar/ Hydrophillic/ Lipophobic
▪ Nonpolar/Hydrophobic/ Lipophillic
o Amphipathic= both
▪ ex: called AMPHIbians- they live in water AND land
▪ If it is this Amphipathic, it is both polars and nonpolar
o "Like dissolves Like"- if there are polar and nonpolar hanging out- polars together and
nonpolars together
▪ This is why oil and vineagar (water based)- separate so must shake together to
get to mix up, but still will separate again
o Very Strong bond
• Noncovalent
o Ionic- electrical attraction of opposites
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Ex: Salt (figure 2-4 in book)
▪ Eat salt and it will dissolve in body and break down in individual ions
▪ Strong WITHOUT WATER
▪ But in the human body= WEAK
o Hydrogen Bonding- interaction with bound H
▪ H usually ends up being the weaker when bonded with something
▪ FIGURE 2-5
▪ Weak
▪ Creates cohesion- H bond together that are already attached to other things like
O
o Hydrophobic- avoiding water/ polar things
▪ Weak
▪ FIGURE 2-8
▪ We get a bonding of the tails because they are all avoiding the polar
environment around them
Plasma Membrane
Functions:
• FIGURE 3-8
• Regulate movement (in, out, within the cell)- it is a boundary
• Binds chemical messengers- many of these just bind to a receptor on the surface of the other
cell instead of going inside of it
• Holds cells in EC matrix
• Allows for cell's shape and motility- cells physically look different when differentiating
sometimes
• Allow for cell to cell contact- put cells together to make tissues
Components
• Each one of the things is not staying there, they are moving
• They interact with each other- constantly shifting
• In a fluid mosaic form - fluid that is mosaic which is a bunch of small things put together to
make a bigger picture
• Phospholipids- main building block
o 1 Polar Head and 2 Nonpolar Tails
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Key to physiology= understand how ions and proteins work. Molecular bonds: covalent: sharing of e, create a pair, held together by the set of electrons, ex: h2o- the o held together by two electrons to the h. If not sharing equally- one will be a little partial charge negative and one will have a little partial charge positive: polar vs. nonpolar, polar: when there are partial charges- not sharing equally. Ex: water: nonpolar: when there is nopartial charge- sharing equally. O: hydrophobic- avoiding water/ polar things, weak, figure 2-8, we get a bonding of the tails because they are all avoiding the polar environment around them. Components: each one of the things is not staying there, they are moving, they interact with each other- constantly shifting. It is located in the bilayer made of hydrophobic: vesicle formation- move big things into and out of our cells- talk about later, proteins, figure 3-6, two categories, 1.
