BIO 161 Study Guide - Final Guide: Clinical Urine Tests, Noncoding Dna, Clavicle
BIO 161: Review for Laboratory Final Exam
Lab 8: Forensic Biology
- Know the following definitions for fingerprint analysis: delta, core, whorl, simple arch,
tented arch, loops, double loop, bifurcation, divergence.
o Delta: area where two ridgelines come to a point
o Core: approximate center of the finger impression
o Whorl: complete circle formed by ridgelines between two deltas; whorls do
not continue off either side of the print
o Simple arch: ridgelines enter on the left, rise, and exit on the right side of the
print
o Tented arch: ridgelines meet at the center and form a peak
o Loops: curved ridgelines that enter and exit on the same side of the print
o Double loop: two separate loop formations of the same finger
o Bifurcation: forking or dividing of one ridgeline into two or more branches
o Divergence: spreading apart of two ridgelines that have been running
parallel or early parallel
- Be able to identify the above patterns in a sample fingerprint.
- Understand the blood typing procedure:
o What are the four types of blood according to ABO antigens?
▪ Type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O
o What antibodies and antigens are present in individuals with each blood type?
▪ Type A
• Antigen A
• Anti-B antibodies (reacts to antigen B)
▪ Type B
• Antigen B
• Anti- A antibodies (ex. Reacts to antigen A)
▪ Type AB
• Antigens A and B
• Neither anti A or anti B antibodies (no resistance = why they
can have any)
▪ Type O
• Neither antigen A or B
• Both anti A and anti B antibodies (resistant to both = why O
can only receive from O)
▪ The combination of an antigen and its corresponding antibody
produces agglutination (clumping of blood cells)
o What type of blood can an individual with each type of blood receive?
▪ Type A
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• Can receive from A, O
▪ Type B
• Can receive from B, O
▪ Type AB
• Can receive from A, B, AB, O
▪ Type O
• Can receive from O
o Why can certain blood types only receive/donate to other blood types?
▪ Because of their antigens and antibodies; if the wrong blood is
given/foreign antigens are introduced, agglutination occurs (clumping
of blood cells)
▪
o What is the Rh factor and how does it contribute to blood typing?
▪ Rh factor = inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on
the surface of RBCS
• If blood has protein, = Rh + (most common)
• If blood does not have proten = Rh -
- Be able to read a spot plate to determine blood type.
o By analyzing the reactions of an unknown blood sample with specific
antibodies, the blood type can be determined
Lab 9: DNA Analysis
- Be able to interpret STR profiles.
o STR = short tandem repeats; small sequence of bases that are repeated;
number of times that it is repeated varies from person to person
- Be able to explain what the labels mean on an STR profile.
o Numbers below each peak: designate the persons genotype
▪ Example: genotype= 13,14
• The 13 allele has the STR phrase repeated 13 times
• The 14 allele has the STR phrase repeated 14 times
- Be able to describe briefly how STR profiles are made, and how analysis is conducted.
o To make an STR profile, the DNA sample is tagged with a fluorescent label;
the label is detected by a laser, which sends a signal to a computer; the signal
produces a peak on a computer print out
o Analysis is conducted through RFLP analysis : restriction fragment length
polymorphism – molecular geneticists use several different non coding DNA
regions – making the odds against a mistaken match much higher
- Understand why STR profiles come from the non-coding section of the genome.
o STR profiles come from the non-coding section of the gene because different
regions of noncoding DNA vary a great deal among individuals;
- What does a homozygous or heterozygous locus look like?
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o Homozygous: one peak at a locus; two alleles that are alike
Lab 10: Support and Movement
- Be able to identify and give the function of the parts of the skeleton, including: skull,
mandible, vertebral column and the types of vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pectoral girdle,
clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic
girdle, femur, tibia, patella, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
o Skull: protect the cranium
o Mandible: lower jaw movement
o Vertebral column: provide resilience and strength for an upright posture;
protects spinal cord
o Types of vertebrae
▪ Cervical: 7 vertebrae of the neck
▪ Thoracic: 12 vertebrae of the thorax, to which the ribs are attached
▪ Lumbar: 5 large vertebrae of the lower back
▪ Sacrum: a bone formed of 5 fused vertebrae
▪ Coccyx: the tailbone, formed of 3-5 fussed rudimentary vertebrae
o Ribs: protects internal organs of the body
o Sternum: breast bone, protects the lungs and heart
o Pectoral girdle: supports upper extremities, consists of a clavicle and a
scapula
o Clavicle: collarbone, support the upper arm and scapula
o Scapula: shoulder blade, stabilizes arm movement
o Humerus: bone of the upper arm, allows you to reach, pull and lift objects
o Ulna: bone of lower arm, allows motion and support of arm
o Radius: bone of lower arm, allows motion and support of arm
o Carpal bones: wrist bones, allow wrist to move
o Metacarpals: hand bones, support movement of hands
o Phalanges: bones of fingers and thumb, movement of fingers
o Pelvic girdle: provides support for lower extremities, ox coxae
o Femur: thigh bone, helps in the movement of legs
o Tibia: bones of lower leg, larger
o Patella: knee cap, knee extension and knee movement, prevents the joint and
knee from bending in the wrong direction
o Fibula: bone of the lower leg, smaller, important surface for muscle
attachmenet and provides stability to the ankle joint
o Tarsal bones: ankle bones
o Metarsals: foot bones
o Phlanges: toe bones
- Be able to identify and give the function of the parts of the long bone: diaphysis,
epiphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, compact bone, spongy bone.
o Diaphysis: middle part of long bone, shaft of bone that extends between two
enlarged portions forming the ends of bones
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Document Summary
Be able to identify the above patterns in a sample fingerprint. Be able to read a spot plate to determine blood type: by analyzing the reactions of an unknown blood sample with specific antibodies, the blood type can be determined. Be able to interpret str profiles: str = short tandem repeats; small sequence of bases that are repeated; number of times that it is repeated varies from person to person. Understand why str profiles come from the non-coding section of the genome: str profiles come from the non-coding section of the gene because different regions of noncoding dna vary a great deal among individuals; What does a homozygous or heterozygous locus look like: homozygous: one peak at a locus; two alleles that are alike. Spongy bone: stores red bone marrow, softer and weaker bone with more surface area and stores blood vessels, epiphyses.
