BIOL 1201 : Exam 3 Material

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azuremammoth471

15 Mar 2019

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Linear strands of dna complexed with proteins: multiple chromosomes (ex: humans have 46) How to insure that each daughter cells get the complete set of chromosomes: need a mechanism to allow each daughter cell to have a copy of each daughter cell to have. When cells divide, they must have on copy of the 46 a copy of each chromosome: the solution, mitosis. Mitosis: cell division: reproduction of cells, growth, repair, purpose: produce daughter cells that have identical genetic complements, occur in somatic cells, all body cells except cells that give rise to gametes, only one cell division. Chromosomes: a complex linear strand of dna and protein, each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number, found in nucleus. Long linear strand of dna and complexed proteins. Duplicated chromosomes (figure 12. 5: consists of two sister chromatids. Identical copies of dna: attached at a specialized region called the centromere, where chromatids are physically held together. Interphase: gap 1 (g1, synthesis of cell components.

Related Questions

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Question options:

	chromatin is one of two identical strands of DNA.
	chromosomes are chromatin that has been tightly packed and coiled.
	chromosomes are composed of nucleosomes and chromatin is composed of sister chromatids.
	chromosomes are important in mitosis and chromatin is essential to meiosis.

Bacterial cells only reproduce asexually and cannot exchange genetic material.

Question options:

	True, because they undergo binary fission.
	False, because they transfer genetic material with other bacterial cells.
	True, because they have a cell wall that prevents sharing of genetic material.

After a visit to a specialist, Dan was diagnosed with liver cancer. Six months later additional tumors were found in his stomach and small intestine. This is an example of

Question options:

	malignant tumors.
	benign tumors.
	Both malignant tumors and metastasis are correct.

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?

Question options:

	DNA is replicated.
	Replicated chromosomes divide.
	Cells line up along the equator of the cell.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

Question options:

	prophase -- mitotic spindle forms
	metaphase -- chromosomes line up along the equator
	telophase -- cytoplasm divides

Why is hair loss a common side effect of cancer treatments?

Question options:

Hair cells are at the surface of the body so die easily.

Hair cells divide rapidly and so are targeted by the cancer drugs.

Cancer drugs often target and kill random cells within the body.

From "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer," how are endostatins used to treat cancerous cells?

Question options:

	They prevent angiogenesis by cancerous cells.
	They promote growth of new blood vessels to feed cells.
	They bind to receptors on cancerous cells and prevent cells from reproducing.

The DNA copying enzymes have a hard time working to the end of achromosome. For circular chromosomes this is not a problem, sincethere is not a sharp 'end'. However, for a linear chromosome,without extra mechanisms in place, a bit of DNA is lost off the endof the chromosome after each replication. Because of this,eukaryotes have a telomere to cap off their chromosomes.

In most cells of a mutli-cellular organism, this telomere isslowly worn away after each reproduction leading to apoptosis.Cells that need to reproduce indefinitely such as germ and stemcells have to invest in extra mechanisms to replenish the telomere.For multi-cellular eukaryotes I can see how this might be usefull(for instance as a cancer counter mechanism). However,multi-cellular organisms evolved from single-cell eukaryotes.

I cannot see a reason for wanting apoptosis in a single-cellorganism. However, single cell eukaryotes (say yeast) still havelinear chromosomes with telomere caps. What advantage did linearchromosomes provide single-cell eukaryotes to offset the extrainvestment in reparing the telomere?

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these âstepsâ?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has âproof-readingâ capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G₁ Phase

b.S Phase

c.G₂ Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at âcheckpointsâ. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G₁ Checkpoint

b.G₂ Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

8)Cancerous cells form when the cell cycle checkpoints do not function correctly and continues to divide even though it is damaged in some way. How does the protein p53 function to keep these cells from dividing?

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

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BIOL 1201 : Exam 3 Material

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