BIOL 1000 : Psy notes-1.docx

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azurebutterfly554

24 Nov 2013

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Phenomenon is another word for an event, something that happens in the world. Psychological phenomena are those events that are of interest to psychologists, and there is a vast array of such phenomena. Examples include such things as the feeling of attraction that a person experiences to a new acquaintance, the act of running a marathon, or the thought that it is almost time to leave home for school. Psychological phenomena fall into three broad categories: affective, behavioral, and cognitive. Behavioral- ones action, their origin and result, an individuals action in the world. Metapsychology is a term used to refer to the idea of stepping back from the work of psychology and asking questions about how that work is done, as well as how it should be done. Critically thinking and analyzing why you are doing what u are doing, asking questions .

Related Questions

What exactly was Hooker's response to Darwin's, Origin of Species? Thank you for your help. I need help deciphering what his opinions truly were.

Hooker, J. D. 1859. [Review of] On the origin of species. Gardeners' Chronicle (31 December): 1052. Part 1.

From the above expressions it will be inferred that we have risen from the perusal of Mr. DARWIN'S book much impressed with its importance, and have moreover found it to be so dependent on the phenomena of horticultural operations, for its facts and results, and so full of experiments that may be repeated and discussed by intelligent gardeners, and of ideas that may sooner fructify in their minds than in those of any other class of naturalists, that we shall be doing them (and we hope also science) a service by dwelling in some detail upon its contents. Thus much we may premise, that it is a book teeming with deep thoughts on numberless simple and complex phenomena of life; that its premises in almost all cases appear to be correct; that its reasoning is apparently close and sound, its style clear, and we need hardly add its subject and manner equally attractive and agreeable; it is also a perfectly ingenuous book, bold in expressions as in thought where the author adduces what he considers clear evidence in his favour, frank in the statement of objections to the hypotheses or conclusions founded on its facts and reasonings; and uniformly courteous to antagonistic doctrines. In fine, whatever may be thought of Mr. DARWIN'S ultimate conclusions, it cannot be denied that it would be difficult in the whole range of the literature of science to find a book so exclusively devoted to the development of theoretical inquiries, which at the same time is throughout so full of conscientious care, so fair in argument, and so considerate in tone. . . . Hitherto most [naturalists] have, as we have already observed, contented themselves with the hypothesis that they were independently created, and the minority have clung to the only other explanation hitherto conceived, that they have all been created by variation from a single first-created living organism, or a few such. Now it must be borne in mind that both these views are mere hypotheses in a scientific point of view; neither has any inherent or prescriptive right to a preference in the mind of the impartial inquirer; but the most superficial observation will show that the hypothesis of original creations is incapable of absolute proof, except the operation be witnessed by credible naturalists, and can only be supported by facts that are either not conclusive against the opposite doctrine, or may be regarded as equally favourable to it; and this hypothesis is hence placed at a disadvantage in comparison with that of the creation of species by variation, which takes its stand on the familiar fact that species do depart from the likeness of their progenitors, both in a wild and domestic state. On the other hand the hypothesis of creation by variation labours under the disadvantage of being founded upon a series of phenomena, the action of each of which individually, as explained by Mr. DARWIN, would appear to prevent the possibility of species retaining their characters for any length of time, and it therefore appears at first sight opposed to the undisputed fact, that many hundreds of animals and plants have transmitted their characters unchanged (or nearly so) through countless generations, and covered, even within the historic period, many square miles of country each with millions of its exact counterpart. To explain this anomaly and to raise this hypothesis of creations by variation to the rank of a scientific theory, is the object of Mr. DARWIN'S book, and to do this he has endeavoured to invent and prove such an intelligible rationale of the operation of variation, as will account for many species having been developed from a few in strict adaptation to existing conditions, and to show good cause how these apparently fleeting changelings may by the operation of natural laws be so far fixed as to reconcile both the naturalist and the common observer to the idea, that what in all his experience are immutable forms of life may have once worn another guise. The hypothesis itself is a very old one; it was, as all the world knows, strongly advocated by LAMARCK, and later still by the author of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of the Creation," but neither of these authors were able to suggest even a plausible method according to which Nature might have proceeded in producing suitable varieties, getting rid of intermediate forms, and giving a temporary stability to such as are recognised as species by all observers. Mr. DARWIN has been more successful, though whether completely so or not the future alone can show. We shall proceed to examine his method in another article.

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Physiology Psychology

1. The mind-body problem is a fundamental philosophical issue at the base of all cognitive/behavioral neuroscience research. Why? Discuss the mind-body problem and give an example of how it relates to an issue in cognitive/behavioral neuroscience. Explain.

2. Explain how an action potential occurs. Start with Glutamate release from the presynaptic neuron and end with neurotransmitter release from the postsynaptic neuron.

3. How does a neuron inhibit another neuron? Explain. {~1 paragraph}

4. Design a drug that would increase Dopamine (DA) and/or Norepinephrine (NE) levels and explain its mechanism of action (explain how it works to increase DA and/or NE). What kind of disorder could this drug be used to treat? What would be some side-effects you might expect from taking such a drug? Would there be any risks expected from long-term treatment? Explain.

5. Alzheimerâs dementia is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in severe cognitive impairment. Researchers hypothesize that Alzheimerâs is due to low Acetylcholine activity in the cerebral cortex. How could a researcher test this hypothesis? Justify your answer.

6. What is neural plasticity? Give an example and explain. [3-4 sentences]

7. Dr. Butthurt, a prominent pain researcher, has recently discovered that a Chinese form of meditation called Tai Chi can be a very effective pain-relief method. In Dr. Butthurtâs studies, he found that people in pain experience profound pain relief after participating in just 30 minutes of Tai Chi meditation. Now, Dr. Butthurt wants to determine the neural mechanism by which Tai Chi works to relieve pain. The first hypothesis he wants to test is that Tai Chi works because it stimulates endorphin activity in the brain. How can Dr. Butt-hurt test this hypothesis? Explain. [~1 paragraph]

8. A dominant view in neuroscience is that the human brain is âmodularâ. For example, many have claimed that the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is a specialized, domain-specific module for recognizing faces. Discuss the issue, giving evidence for and against the claim that the FFA is domain-specific for face-processing. (1-2 paragraphs)

9. The Wernicke-Geschwind model of language was the dogma in neuroscience and psychology for many years. According to the W-G model, Brocaâs Area and Wernickeâs area are the two main language modules in the brain. What does the model argue is the function of Brocaâs area? Explain one piece of evidence to support it. What does the model argue is the function of Wernickeâs area? Explain one piece of evidence to support it. Why has the current theory of language moved away from the W-G Model? Explain.

10. If a person has the genes associated with a particular psychopathological disorder (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, bipolar, etc), will that person definitely develop the disorder? Why or why not? Explain. Use an example to help you explain. (few sentences to a short paragraph)

11. Why is it the case that there are some very high-pitched ringtones that are typically only audible to people under 18 years old? Why canât (most) adults hear these high-pitched tones? Explain. (few sentences)

12. How does Miraculin act on the nervous system to change our perception of taste? Explain.

13. Discuss the Triune Brain model. Explain what happens to the functioning of the Triune Brain model when an individual is intoxicated by alcohol, and link that to drunk behavior.

14. Some patients develop disorders in which they believe that one of their limbs is not, in fact, their own limb. What could be happening in the nervous system that would lead to this peculiar phenomenon? Justify your answer and explain. (I am looking for you to come up with a reasonable hypothesis as to what could be causing it that you can sensibly justify and explain)

15a. What is schizophrenia? Describe 2 positive and 2 negative symptoms. Explain one way that the brains of schizophrenic patients are different from healthy controls, and link the brain abnormality to one of the symptoms of schizophrenia that you just described. 15b. What is the Dopamine (DA) Hypothesis for schizophrenia? Explain two pieces of evidence to support the DA Hypothesis. Explain one piece of evidence against the DA hypothesis. [~1 short paragraph] 15c. What is the Glutamate Hypothesis for schizophrenia? Explain two pieces of evidence to support the Glutamate hypothesis. Explain one piece of evidence against the Glutamate hypothesis. [~ 1 short paragraph] 15d. Schizophrenia is estimated to be about 80% heritable, but there are other factors that researchers have found to influence the development (or flare) of schizophrenia. Give an example of one of these other factors, and briefly explain the evidence for it. [2-3 sentences]

16. Major depression (unipolar) is a psychiatric disorder affecting over 15% of the U.S. population. Explain two of the dominant hypotheses about the biological factors in depression, discussing the evidence for and against those hypotheses. What is the most effective treatment for long-term relief from depression? Why? Explain. (~2 paragraphs)

17. Explain how the amygdala and brain stem are involved in the development of anxiety disorders such as PTSD, phobias or panic disorder.

18. Explain the basic function of the mesolimbic DA reward pathway. Discuss how drug use alters the pathway and contributes to the development of compulsive disorders like drug addictions/alcoholism.

19. If a stroke patient has damage to their right posterior parietal lobe, along the dorsal stream of visual processing, what syndrome would the patient have? Describe the major symptoms and explain what the personâs behavior would be like. What did we learn about the function of the parietal lobe from studying these patients? Explain.

20. If a stroke patient has damage to their temporal lobe, along the ventral stream of visual processing, what type of disorder would the patient have? Describe the major symptoms and explain what the personâs behavior would be like. What did we learn about the function of the temporal lobe from studying these patients? Explain.

21. What is blindsight? Explain how studying patients with blindsight informed our understanding of the visual system.

22. What are implicit and explicit memories? Do implicit and explicit memories represent independent neural systems for memory? Why or why not? Justify your answer with evidence.

23. What is retrograde amnesia? What did we learn about long-term memory from studying patients with retrograde amnesia (e.g., patient KC)? Explain.

24. What is our current understanding of how the Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) stores and retrieves explicit memories? Discuss how the function of the MTL can explain cases of anterograde amnesia like HMâs.

25. Imagine that a doctor developed a drug called Memoryhole that is a Glutamate-NMDA receptor antagonist in the hippocampus. What effect would Memoryhole have on the process of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), and, in turn, memory? Explain.

26. Do we have evidence for a biological basis for sexual preference? Discuss with respect to the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the hypothalamus.

27. Helen Fisherâs research delineated 3 stages of love in the brain. Explain, with an emphasis on the brain-behavior relationships.

28. Parkinsonâs disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in severe motor impairments. What causes Parkinsonâs? Explain the major treatment for the disorder and the extent to which the treatment is successful. Are there any negative side-effects of that treatment? Explain.

29. What are mirror neurons? Explain two pieces of evidence for the hypothesis that mirror neurons are the neural substrate for empathy and theory of mind in humans. Do we have evidence linking mirror neurons to autism? Explain.

30. What was the most interesting thing you learned in class this semester? Why did you find it interesting? Explain.

31. What is a circadian rhythm? Explain how light acts as a zeitgeber to control our sleep/wake circadian rhythms. If someone had trouble falling asleep (insomnia), what advice would you give them? Justify your answer.

32. Seasonal Affective Disorder is a type of depression that occurs when depression symptoms consistently flare in the winter season and abate in the summer season. One successful treatment for this type of depression is âlight therapyâ in which the patient sits in front of a sunlight-emitting device for a certain number of hours a week. How could this type of depression and its treatment be explained by what we know about the neural basis of arousal and circadian rhythms?

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast two approaches of evolutionary psychology on human behavior

Best practice to participate in the discussion boards is to read the articles and consider the following questions. Then go to the discussion board and talk amongst yourselves; don't forget to post a minimum of a paragraph and reply to a colleague.

1. Some evolutionary psychologists, such as David Buss, suggest that men are more promiscuous than women. Man are hardwired for sex, wanting to have sex with as many women as possible. This is an evolutionary advantage, which gives men the opportunity to impregnate as many women as possible (i.e. to spread their seed). In addition, men prefer to have sex with women that are younger and have an hourglass shape. Both youth and a curvy figure are evolutionary signifiers of reproductive health. Buss also suggests that women are more selective in their mating and dating preferences. While men have a tendency to want to sleep around, women are choosier. Why? Because men have the ability to impregnate many women, while women can only have one offspring at a time. It is evolutionarily advantageous for women to be picky about their mates. What kind of mate to women prefer? They prefer mates with power and resources; men who can provide for the survival of their offspring. For our early ancestors this meant a man who could "bring home the bacon" now this means a man who brings home the money. Feminist evolutionary psychologists think this is just ridiculous. This type of thinking just portrays men and women as stereotypes.

2. Critics of the above theory demand: show me the physiological evidence. Evolutionary theory is rooted in biology hence there must be physical evidence to substantiate a claim. Feminist evolutionary psychologists say: It's not men who want sleep around, in fact, it is women who are hard-wired to want to take on as many mates as possible. This is why society has spent so much energy trying to regulate female sexuality. What is the evidence? One: only maternity is 100%. Everyone knows for certain the identity of their mother, yet before the recent advent of testing, paternity was never 100%. In a communal living situation, all the men in the tribe would have to provide for a child because the possibility could be that child was their own. Two: women are multi-orgasmic, while men only have one orgasm and then their brain releases a chemical which causes them to fall asleep. As many know, women become active post-coitus. They want to talk and cuddle, while men want to nap. The suggestion here is that while men are sleeping it off on the bear skin rug, the women go to the next tent and have sex again with someone else. Finally, women have an organ designed specifically for sexual pleasure: the clitori. Men do not have such an organ. The existence of the clitori is a strong physiological indicator that supports the above assertion. How can you explain the existence of the clitori?

BIOL 1000 : Psy notes-1.docx

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