BIOL 1010U Study Guide - Final Guide: Acetyl-Coa, Carbon Fixation, Fetus

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ochresquirrel37

7 Sep 2014

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Involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extracellular fluid. Intracellular receptors are small and hydrophobic and pass through. What would be true for the signalling system in an animal"s cell that lacks the ability to produce gtp: It would not be able to activate and inactive the g protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes. They lead to changes in sodium and calcium concentrations in cells. A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of dna is 5"agt3". Wobble can happen in trna not in just making a mrna. Adding numerous short dna sequences such as ttaggg. Dna polymerase i: does it consistently, mainly used on the lagging strand. The leading and the lagging strands differ in that:

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QUESTION 1

Which of the following is an example of an extracellular signal molecule?

	a.	IP₃
	b.	cAMP
	c.	Insulin
	d.	Diacylglycerol

2 points

QUESTION 2

Nuclear hormone receptors _____

	a.	Bind to water soluble ligands
	b.	Activate second messengers
	c.	Regulate transcription in response to ligand binding
	d.	Are normally located on the plasma membrane

2 points

QUESTION 3

Which of the following does not occur when a receptor tyrosine kinase is bound by ligand?

	a.	Phosphorylation of the RTK
	b.	Cytoplasmic proteins bind the phosphorylated RTK
	c.	Dimerization of the RTK
	d.	The RTK binds to DNA to regulate transcription

2 points

QUESTION 4

Which of these is a logical signal-transduction pathway?

	a.	An intracellular receptor activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane protein to form IP₃, which then activates the opening of an ER channel protein, which releases cyclic AMP into the cytoplasm, where it binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
	b.	A G-protein-linked receptor activates G protein, which activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane lipid to form IP₃, which binds to a calcium channel on the ER, which opens to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which bind to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
	c.	An ion-channel receptor opens, allowing a steroid hormone to enter the cell; the steroid hormone then activates protein kinases that convert GTP to GDP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
	d.	A tyrosine-kinase receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which activates phospholipase C, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.

2 points

QUESTION 5

Which of the following is an example of signal amplification?

	a.	activation of an enzyme molecule
	b.	activation of a specific gene by a growth factor
	c.	Breakdown of many cAMP molecules
	d.	activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event

2 points

QUESTION 6

Consider a signal transduction pathway that utilizes cAMP as a second messenger to activate PKA (Protein Kinase A). Which of the following situations will result in the cellular response?

		The G protein releases GDP and binds to GTP
		The target protein (adenylyl cyclase) is inactive
		The regulatory subunits of PKA (Protein Kinase A) are bound to the catalytic subunits
		The appropriate G protein is bound to GDP

2 points

QUESTION 7

Which of the following is found in only some signal transduction pathways? [In other words, which is not found in all signal transduction pathways?]

		Receptor protein
		Extracellular signal molecule
		Intracellular signaling molecule
		Cellular response
		Effector protein

2 points

QUESTION 8

The enzyme that specifically catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP is:

		Adenylyl phosphatase
		Adenylyl kinase
		Adenylyl dehydrogenase
		Adenylyl cyclase

2 points

QUESTION 9

If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?

		It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
		It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
		It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger.
		It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal.

2 points

QUESTION 10

A hormone signal is sent from the brain to other parts of the body via the bloodstream. Why do only certain cells respond to this signal?

		Hormones do not last long enough in the bloodstream to stimulate a cellular response
		Only cells that have a specific transcription factor gene will be able to respond to the signal
		Only cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell sending the signal will respond
		Only cells that have a receptor for the specific signal will be able to respond to it

cerisehedgehog846

What is a caveolae?

A) âBubblesâ found on the surface of the plasma membrane
B) Small invaginations of the plasma membrane
C) Invaginations of the rough ER
D) Specialized vesicles

Using Figure 1, how many ways can estrogen signaling beinitiated in vascular endothelial cells (ECS)?

A) One
B) Four
C) Three
D) Two

What was one of the results scientists found after activation ofthe membrane-bound estrogen receptor?

A) Vascular protective effects
B) Accelerated cancerous growth in breast tissue
C) Stimulation of cell division in breast/uterine tissue
D) Accelerated cancerous growth in uterine tissue

Using the description of Fig. 1, how do ligand-activatedtranscription factors function?

A) They are membrane bound receptors that bind estrogen as aligand.
B) They are imported into the nucleus as dimers afterligand-binding and then help initiation transcription.
C) None of these are correct.
D) They are always bound to the DNA, but require ligand binding tofunction.

What is one result of estrogen binding a membrane-bound estrogenreceptor in vascular tissue, thereby activating the rapid,non-nuclear signaling pathway?

A) Decreased cell growth
B) Decreased cell migration
C) Production of nitric oxide

The membrane-bound estrogen receptor is located________________.

A) somewhere in the membrane (i.e., researchers do not know theanswer)
B) as a transmembrane protein
C) on the intracellular leaflet of the membrane
D) on the extracellular leaflet of the membrane

The timing of estrogen therapy during menopause in women mayaffect the role estrogen plays in the cardiovascular system.

A) True
B) False

What ligand is used in this study to activate the membrane-boundestrogen receptor?

A) A G-protein
B) Estrogen dendimer conjugate (EDC)
C) Nitric oxide
D) 17b-Estrogen

Does estrogen dendimer conjugate (EDC) activate estrogenreceptors that are non-membrane bound (i.e., cytoplasmic ornuclear)?

A) No
B) Yes

10.

The ligand EDC causes cell migration and proliferation in whichof the following tissues? (Check all that apply)

A) Vascular (i.e., vessel) tissue
B) Ovarian tissue
C) Breast tissue
D) Uterine tissue

yellowturtle60

Hello everyone, i'm working on thesepractices multiple choices for my finals. If you know any of theseanswer, please help. i appreciate your time and your help. Thankyou!!!

1. ___ Which of thefollowing statements about the cytoskeleton is false?

(a) The cytoskeletonis made up of three types of protein filament.

(b) The bacterialcytoskeleton is important for cell division and DNAsegregation.

(d) The cytoskeleton of acell can change in response to the environment.

2. ___ Which of thestatements below about intermediate filaments is false?

(a) They can stayintact in cells treated with concentrated salt solutions.

(b) They can befound in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

(d) Each filament is about10 ?m in diameter.

3. ___ Keratins,neurofilaments, and vimentins are all categories of intermediatefilaments. Which of the following properties below is nottrue of these types of intermediate filaments?

(a) They strengthencells against mechanical stress.

(b) Dimers associateby noncovalent bonding to form a tetramer.

(d) Phosphorylation causesdisassembly during every mitotic cycle.

4. ___ Which of thefollowing statements about microtubules is true?

(a) Motor proteinsmove in a directional fashion along microtubules by using theinherent structural polarity of a protofilament.

(b) The centromerenucleates the microtubules of the mitotic spindle.

(d) ATP hydrolysis by atubulin heterodimer is important for controlling the growth of amicrotubule.

5. ___ Thehydrolysis of GTP to GDP carried out by tubulin molecules________________.

(a) provides theenergy needed for tubulin to polymerize

(b) occurs becausethe pool of free GDP has run out

(d) allows the behavior ofmicrotubules called dynamic instability

6. ___ The microtubulesin a cell form a structural framework that can have all thefollowing functions except which of the following?

(a) holding internalorganelles such as the Golgi apparatus in particular positions inthe cell

(b) creating longthin cytoplasmic extensions that protrude from one side of thecell

(d) moving materials fromone place to another inside a cell

7. ___ Which of thefollowing statements about organellar movement in the cell isfalse?

(a) Organellesundergo saltatory movement in the cell.

(b) Only themicrotubule cytoskeleton is involved in organellar movement.

(d) Organelles areattached to the tail domain of motor proteins.

8. ___ Which of thefollowing statements is correct?

Kinesins and dyneins____________________.

(a) have tails thatbind to the filaments

(b) move along bothmicrotubules and actin filaments

(d) derive their energyfrom GTP hydrolysis

9. ___ Cell movementinvolves the coordination of many events in the cell. Which of thefollowing phenomena are not required for cell motility?

(a) Myosin-mediatedcontraction at the rear of the moving cell.

(b) Integrinassociation with the extracellular environment.

(d) Release ofCa²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

10. ___Which of the followingstructures shorten during muscle contraction?

(a) myosinfilaments

(b) flagella

(d) actin filaments

7. ___ Referring to Figure Q16-29,which of the following statements below is false?

(a) A constitutivelyactive mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would lead to adecrease in the amount of unphosphorylated phosphorylasekinase.

(b) A constitutivelyactive mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would notincrease the affinity of adrenaline for the adrenergicreceptor.

(c) A constitutivelyactive mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would lead to anexcess in the amount of glucose available.

(d) A constitutivelyactive mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would lead to anexcess in the amount of glycogen available.

8. ___ Match the targetof the G protein with the appropriate signaling outcome.

adenylyl cyclase________ A. cleavageof inositol phospholipids

ion channels_________ B.increase in cAMP levels

phospholipase C_________ C. changes in membranepotential

azureprairie-dog165

BIOL 1010U Study Guide - Final Guide: Acetyl-Coa, Carbon Fixation, Fetus

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