POPM 3240 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Relative Risk, Cohort Study, Null Hypothesis

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21 Oct 2016

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Ratio of the probability of getting the disease with exposure to probability of getting disease without exposure. This is good for a cohort study where you know has been exposed to risk factor a(cid:374)d (cid:449)ho has(cid:374)"t! Non-exposed a c a+c b d b+d a+b c+d n = a+b+c+d. Rr = incidence in exposed / incidence in non-exposed = (a/a+b) / (c/c+d) Rr = 1 no difference between exposed and non-exposed. Rr > 1 exposed have greater risk, positive association, may be causal. Rr < 1 non-exposed have greater risk, negative association, may be preventative (ex. vaccines) Example: relative risk of 2 means the exposed group has two times the risk of disease than the non-exposed group. Odds of exposure in the diseased group / odds of exposure in the non-diseased group. Good for cohort studies: start with exposures and then look at outcome. Odds of disease in exposed are x times the odds of disease in the non- exposed.

Related Questions

Compute the Person-Years of smoking exposure using the tablebelow. (Hint: add the years at risk of throat cancer (TC) â seeexamples).
Once they develop TC they are no longer at risk and their yearsin the study canât be counted.
Add each personâs years of exposure in the right column andenter the value in the box next to âTotal P-Y at Risk of ThroatCancerâ.
Then count the P-Y at risk for the Current/Former Smokers(exposed) and the P-Y at risk for the Never-Smokers (notexposed)
Using the Person-Years for each exposure group as thedenominator and the number of TC recorded for each exposure group;compute the Incidence Density for TC risk in current/former smokers(exposed) (ID_E) & compute the incidence density forTC risk in never smokers (not exposed) (ID_NE).
The compute the Incidence Density Ratio (also call RR), dividethe ID_Eby the ID_NE. This value is interpretedthe same as the Relative Risk.

		Years in the Study at Risk of Developing ThroatCancer								Years at Risk
Person	Smoker	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	Years at Risk
A	Yes	at risk	at risk	TC	No longer at risk of throat cancer					2
B	No	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	at risk	8
C	No
D	Yes						TC
E	Yes				TC
F	No
G	No					TC
H	No								TC
I	Yes		TC
J	Yes							TC
	Total P-Y at Risk of Throat Cancer

Sum the Person-Years of Exposure for each exposure group? (1point)

Former/Current Smoker (1/2 point)

Never Smoker(1/2 point)

How many of the exposed & not exposed participantsdeveloped throat cancer (1 point)?

Former/Current Smoker (1/2point):

Never Smoker(1/2point):

What is the Incidence Density for the exposed (ID_E)and non-exposed (ID_NE) groups? (1 point)

Former/Current Smoker (1/2point):

Never Smoker (1/2 point):

Compute the Incidence Density Ratio (IDR). Is the IDRprotective or hazardous? (1 point).

10. Using the interpretation for Relative Risk onpage 120 of your text, interpret the meaning of the IncidenceDensity Ratio (1 pt):

rubyjellyfish692

11. Calculate and interpret the OR for the following 2x2 table showing the results of a case-control study looking at the association between getting at least 8 hours of sleep per night and having a GPA at or above 3.0. (3 points) Outcome: GPA at or above 3.0

Exposure: Getting at least 8 hours of sleep per night Yes No Yes 100 50 No 50 250 Total 150 300 OR = OR interpretation:

12. Researchers located 189 infants born with birth defects. A total of 600 other births were selected at random. Mothers were given a dietary questionnaire. Among mothers who had a baby with a birth defect, 120 reported smoking during pregnancy. Among controls, 115 mothers smoked. Construct a 2x2 table for these results, calculate the OR, and interpret the OR. (6 points) OR = OR interpretation:

13. A cohort study is conducted to study the association between coffee drinking and anxiety. Among 10,000 coffee drinkers, 500 developed anxiety. Among the 20,000 non-coffee drinkers, 200 cases of anxiety were observed. What is the relative risk of anxiety associated with coffee use? Create a 2x2 table, calculate the RR, and interpret the RR. (6 points) RR = RR interpretation:

14. A cohort study is conducted to study the association between dietary fiber intake and heart disease. Among 400 people who consumed recommended levels of fiber, 20 developed heart disease. Among 600 people who did not consume recommended levels of fiber, 150 developed heart disease. Create a 2x2 table, calculate the RR, and interpret the RR. (6 points) RR = RR interpretation:

QUESTION 1

The first person to describe a carcinogen was:

a.
Rudolf Virchow

b.
Cladius Regaud

c.
Percivall Pott

d.
George Papanicolau

e.
Sidney Farber

QUESTION 2

Who introduced the test for early detection of cervical cancerin 1942?

a.
Rudolf Virchow

b.
Cladius Regaud

c.
Percivall Pott

d.
George Papanicolau

e.
Sidney Farber

QUESTION 3

All of the following are TRUE about risk factors for cancerEXCEPT:

a.
They cause DNA mutation

b.
Some can be avoided

c.
Some can be inherited

d.
They guide patient management

e.
They increase the probability of getting cancer

QUESTION 4

All of the following are proven carcinogens EXCEPT:

a.
Tobacco

b.
Formaldehyde

c.
Soot

d.
Saccharin

e.
Human papilloma virus

QUESTION 5

Which of the following is true about somatic mutations:

	a.	They are present in an egg or sperm
	b.	They can be inherited
	c.	They can be present in all cells in the individual
	d.	They can cause cancer family syndrome
	e.	They cannot be inherited

QUESTION 6

All of the following can be used as a guideline for causalinference of a carcinogen EXCEPT:

	a.	Strength of association of the exposure with occurrence ofcancer
	b.	Single correlation study showing exposure with the incidence ofcancer
	c.	Dose response relation of the exposure and risk of cancer
	d.	Disease or risk reduction with removal of exposure
	e.	Biological plausibility of the exposure with the disease

QUESTION 7

All of the following cancers have an infectious causeEXCEPT:

a.
Cervical Cancer

b.
Stomach Cancer

c.
Breast Cancer

d.
Liver Cancer

e.
Hodgkin lymphoma

QUESTION 8

Medical treatments that cause cancer include all of thefollowing EXCEPT:

a.
MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma

b.
Radiation therapy for sarcoma

c.
Tamoxifen for chemotherapy

d.
Smallpox vaccination

e.
Cyclosporine for immunosuppression

QUESTION 9

All of the following are risk factors for breast cancerEXCEPT:

a.
Having breast implants

b.
Having prior ovarian cancer

c.
Having a mother with breast cancer

d.
Age

e.
Obesity

QUESTION 10

The likelihood of getting cancer from exposure to a carcinogenis related to all of the following EXCEPT:

	a.	The duration of exposure
	b.	The geographic location of the exposure
	c.	The degree of exposure
	d.	The genetic susceptibility of the exposed person
	e.	The mode of exposure (e.g., touching it, breathing it,swallowing it, etc).

POPM 3240 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Relative Risk, Cohort Study, Null Hypothesis

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Related Questions

	a.	Rudolf Virchow
	b.	Cladius Regaud
	c.	Percivall Pott
	d.	George Papanicolau
	e.	Sidney Farber

	a.	They cause DNA mutation
	b.	Some can be avoided
	c.	Some can be inherited
	d.	They guide patient management
	e.	They increase the probability of getting cancer

	a.	Tobacco
	b.	Formaldehyde
	c.	Soot
	d.	Saccharin
	e.	Human papilloma virus

	a.	Cervical Cancer
	b.	Stomach Cancer
	c.	Breast Cancer
	d.	Liver Cancer
	e.	Hodgkin lymphoma

	a.	MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma
	b.	Radiation therapy for sarcoma
	c.	Tamoxifen for chemotherapy
	d.	Smallpox vaccination
	e.	Cyclosporine for immunosuppression

	a.	Having breast implants
	b.	Having prior ovarian cancer
	c.	Having a mother with breast cancer
	d.	Age
	e.	Obesity