BIO 251 Study Guide - Comprehensive Final Exam Guide - Muscle, Bone, Sternum
Document Summary
Elevates mandible, assists in side-to-side movement, protracts mandible. Elevates & retracts mandible, assists in side-to-side movement. Contraction of both muscles flexes the cervical part of the vertebral column, Mastoid process of the temporal bone draws head forward. Contraction of one rotates the face toward the side opposite to the contracting muscle. Vertebrae: body: principle load-bearing contact area between adjacent vertebra, vertebral foramen: contains the spinal cord, transverse processes: anchor muscles, joined together by ligaments to form a unified structure, neural arch: pedicle, transverse process + lamina. Intervertebral foramina: concavities above and below the pedicles, through which spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord. Thoracic vertebrae: t1-t12, larger & thicker than cervical vertebrae, costal facets: articulate with the head of the ribs, t1-t10 have costal facets on their transverse processes for articulation with the tubercle of a rib. Lumbar vertebrae: l1-l5, thicker, short, thick spinous processes that project nearly horizontal.
