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Worksheet: Making Healthy Food Choices

Part 1: Label Reading

Use the label to answer the questions.

1. How many calories does the package of food contain?

2. How many calories are in each serving of food?

3. How many grams of fat does one serving of the food have? how many calories of fat does the serving have?

4. How many grams of carbohydrates does one serving of? How many calories of carbohydrates does the serving have?

5. How many grams of protein are in one serving of the food? How many calories of protein does the serving have?

6. Could this food be labeled as low fat? Why or why not?

7. What percentage of the calories in the food comes from fat?

8. How many fewer grams of fat will the food need in order to be labeled “lean”?

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Stone tools & the American Bottom
Four sites have been excavated in the American Bottom region of the Mississippi River. This area is one of the most fertile in the United States and has been occupied for many millennia.
 
Prior archaeological research in the American Bottom and neighboring regions has established a number of facts, listed below, that will help you to complete this assignment:
  1. During the Archaic period (9000-3000 years ago), people made large spear points, while during the Mississippian period ( 1000-500 years ago) people produced smaller points, due to the introduction of the bow and arrow.
  2. Experimentation and microwear analysis of edge damage of many tools has helped archaeologists determine production stages and assign general functions to a number of categories of tools.
  3. Study of the "hoes" has identified a distinct sheen due to being repeatedly forced into the ground. Hoe flakes were removed from the hoe but still retain the distinctive sheen.
  4. Two particular types of stone found at some of these sites comes from different parts of the United States. The obsidian - a volcanic glass suitable for flaking - comes from the American Southwest. The novaculite - a hard stone suitable for flaking - in contrast, comes from southern Illinois.
  5. Artifact categories - such as chunks, cores, and cortical flakes - are the results of the initial stages of stone tool production, where raw materials were converted to more usable pieces. Chunks are broken but unworked pieces of raw material. Cortical flakes are pieces with some of the outer cortex or rind of the nodule present on the distal (outside) surface. Unused flakes can be waste material or potential tools.
 
As a lithic analyst, you are asked to investigate the following issues:
  1. The level of stone tool production at the site (either production or utilization).
  2. The function of the tools and therefore the subsistence and economic orientation of each site.
  3. The potential connections between each site and nearby regions.
  4. The time period of each site (i.e., Archaic or Mississippian).
 
Based on the information provided above and data provided in Table 1, answer the following questions. Remember that archaeological data do not always support definitive conclusions. Still, there tends to be a best answer to the questions. For each set of questions (1-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12), an archaeological site will fit best in answer to one question. For example, it does not make sense to provide the same archaeological site in answer to Question 1 and Question 3, Question 5 and Question 6, and so on. Your answers should be brief and to the point; most questions require only the name of the site for an answer. If you feel you need to justify your answer, a couple sentences will suffice.
 
Table 1. Summary counts of various chipped stone products at the four sites included in this study. 
 
Stone tool production
Some of the artifacts at the sites represent specific types of tool manufacture. What stages of tool manufacture and use seem to have been most prevalent at various sites?
  1. Identify the site(s) at which people were extracting raw material, shaping nodules into cores, but not using many tools at the site.
  2. Identify the site(s) at which people at the site seem to have been both making and using stone tools.
  3. Identify the site(s) at which people were mainly using tools with very little evidence of production.
To answer this question, look especially at Note 5 and apply that to your interpretation of the data in Table 1.
 
General site function
As determined by the tool assemblages, which site best matches each of the descriptions below? Consider both the numbers of artifacts and the kinds of tools present.
  4. Based on the numbers of artifacts and the kinds of tools present, which site likely represents a temporary hunting camp?
  5. Based on the numbers of artifacts and the kinds of tools present, which site is likely an agricultural settlement with evidence for hunting?
  6. Based on the numbers of artifacts and the kinds of tools present, which site was likely a station for preliminary flintknapping stages, probably close to a raw material source?
 
To answer this question, look especially at Notes 2, 3, and 5 and apply that to your interpretation of the data in Table 1.
Inter-regional comparison
Some of the artifacts at the above sites show links with other regions.
  7. Which sites have affiliations with neighboring regions to the southwest?
  8. Which sites have affiliations with neighboring groups to the east (i.e., southern Illinois)?
  9. Which sites have affiliations with neighboring regions to both the southwest and the east?
  To answer this question, look especially at Note 4 and apply that to your interpretation of the data in Table 1.
 
Time period
Some of these artifacts also indicate a temporal association with either the Archaic or Mississippian period.
  10. Which of these sites appears to be occupied mainly during the Mississippian period?
  11. Which of these sites appears to be occupied mainly during the Archaic period?
  12. Which site is difficult to place within one of these temporal phases, and why?
 
To answer this question, look especially at Note 1 and apply that to your interpretation of the data in Table 1.
Earning the Points
To earn full points for the assignment:
  1. Answer Questions 1-11 (1 point each). These questions just require the name of the archaeological site(s).
  2. Answer Question 12 (2 points). This question requires two parts: (a) the name of the site and (b) why it is difficult to place in time.
  3. Write a clean paper (2 points). You can type your answers to the questions directly in the assignment. Just add some space. Although you are not writing a formal  paper, I still expect your assignment to be relatively free of technical errors (e.g., spelling, punctuation, and capitalization errors - errors easily caught by proofreading). I am grading more for substance than writing, but you risk losing points for unclear answers to the questions if your paper is sloppy.
 
 

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