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Grammar Drill - Punctuating Verbals
Verbals are forms of verbs that do not act as verbs in a sentence.
BACKGROUND:
Types of Verbals
 
   Participle- verb ending in ing or ed and acting as an adjective in the sentence [set off with commas unless essential]
E.g., Little Sam, covered with mud, was having the time of his life playing in the ditch. [Participle phrase - participle ends in ed]
E.g., Floating above the clouds in a hot air balloon, I felt as free as a bird. [Participle phrase acts as adjective modifying TI] [Note comma following participle phrase and the logical noun it modifies - "I"]
Participle error: Floating above the clouds in a hot air balloon, it was an exhilarating experience. [The participle phrase incorrectly modifies "it" - "it" was not floating above the clouds. This is a "dangling participle"; there is no logical noun it modifies.]
 
Gerund - verb ending in ing but acting as a noun in a sentence [is not set off with commas; watch subject verb agreement]
E.g., Playing in professional orchestras is my life's ambition. [Gerund phrase acts as a noun, here the subject of the sentence; gerunds/ gerund phrases are always singular and take a singular verb]
Infinitive - to plus a verb; acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence [punctuation - use a comma after if it begins the sentence AND is used as an adverb; watch for split infinitives]
E.g., To dream the impossible dream was the quest of Don Quixote. [infinitive phrase acting as a noun (subject) in the sentence]
E.g., To prepare for the track meet, the team worked out on weekends. [infinitive phrase acting as an adverb (answers why')] [punctuation - use a comma after if it begins the sentence AND is used as an
Avoid splitting the infinitive
Incorrect: His goal was to, by working on weekends. save enough money for college.
 Correct: His goal was to save enough money for college by working on weekends. 
 
Punctuating Verbals
Student Resource
ASSIGNMENT:
Correct each sentence in the paragraph per the following guidelines:
  • Each sentence in the paragraph includes at least one verbal.
  • Most of the verbals are punctuated incorrectly or have other errors - like incorrect subject/verb agreement, split infinitives, or dangling participles.
  • Some of the errors are subtle, so look carefully.
Note: The main verbs in the sentences are underlined, and the verbals and verbal phrases are color-coded: Participle, Gerund, Infinitive.
 
        Flying high above the earth in a hot air balloon, had always been a dream of mine. You can imagine my surprise to finally find that my dream was about to come true. Climbing carefully into the basket 1 felt a few misgivings. This flight was about to taking into consideration everything else in my mundane existence be the most adventurous event of my life. Flying, had always been a love of mine. When I was young, I had always loved to in my spare time pretend I was a pilot. Floating noiselessly above the trees, it was like a dream. Our balloon was the one, sporting a red and white flag. Another balloon flying a blue and white flag sailed effortlessly past us. It probably won't come as a surprise to you that flying hot air balloons are now my favorite pastime. Feeling free and connected to the sky there is nothing like it!

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Persuasive Essay Part 2
Student Resource
Writing a Persuasive Essay - Part 2 [Step 2-Draft]
Assignment:
Write a draft of your Persuasive Essay.
* Introduction - First, hook your reader with an interesting opener. Then give some background on your topic. Next, write a thesis sentence that includes your stance, a course of thinking or action your readers should take, and a brief summary of the reasons this course is necessary.
* Supporting paragraphs - Each supporting paragraph should refer back to the thesis. NOTE: The supporting paragraphs will be more powerful if you present the opposing counterargument first, counter it with your own argument, and then provide your supporting evidence. (Using this order is kind of like having the last word!)
* Conclusion - Your conclusion should relate to your thesis and tie your supporting points together.
 
SAMPLE DRAFT
* Thesis Paragraph - In the old children's tale, Chicken Little thought the sky was falling. Is that tale coming true? Every day thousands of objects from space enter the earth's atmosphere objects put there by man himself that are now raining back down on him. Though there haven't been any huge catastrophes so far, the problem is getting worse each year, and it is only a matter of time. Due to the increasing risk of space debris falling back to earth in inhabited areas or damaging orbiting spacecraft, we, as a global community, need to define and adopt a comprehensive policy that eliminates existing space debris and prevents more in the future.
* Supporting paragraph #1 - Putting in place a global plan to control space debris may seem unnecessary to some since the chance of impact is very small, according to the Johnson Space Center, which gave an only 1 in 10,000 risk to humans. [Reference] However, these statistics don't reflect the increase in space debris each year nor the increasing number of maneuvers necessary to protect manned spacecraft like the International Space Station from debilitating and, thereby, possibly life-threatening collisions with space junk. This is borne out by NASA scientist Nicholas Johnson, who confirmed that ... [Give details and references.]
* Conclusion - Although the chance of humans being hit or satellites being damaged by space debris is small at this time and the cost of eliminating and preventing debris would be substantial, the space debris problem is only going to grow. Space debris will become a material threat at some point in the not-too-distant future. The best solution is to take it on now with a global plan.
 
Present a Persuasive Speech
Student Resource
Preparation: Presenting a Persuasive Speech
When you present a persuasive speech, keep in mind the elements of good public speaking, listed below. Remember, you will be presenting, not reading, your speech.
As you are touching up your speech to get it ready to present, you may want to add some visuals or multi-media as appropriate. Be aware that any media you use should clarify and enhance - not overpower - your speech.
 
Elements of Good Persuasive Speech Delivery
Eye contact - If the audience is small and close, look them in the eyes; if they are not, at least look up at them.
Gestures - Mark your key points with hand or body emphasis.
Change in Volume - Emphasize important points with an increase in volume.
Change in Pitch - Voice Inflections help engage audience.
Cadence - The rhythm and speed you establish in your speech pull your audience along. Sometimes a break in cadence is very compelling.
Posture - Avoid nervous habits - e.g., playing with hair or note cards, drumming on the podium, swaying back and forth.
 
Assignment: Listen and Evaluate
Listen to a public speech. This could be a speech covered in the news, such as a political speech, a presentation at a conference, a new product announcement, etc. While you are listening, evaluate the speaker according to the criteria in the table below. Note that you are evaluating the speaker's credibility, bias, purpose, and priorities - not the speaker's delivery.
 
 
Present a Persuasive Speech Student Resource
 
Evaluation Form
Speaker:
 
Occasion:
 
Credibility:
 
Bias:
 
Purpose:
 
Priorities:
 
Writing a Persuasive Essay: Step 1 - Prewrite
1-2-3 Structure of a Persuasive Essay
1. INTRODUCTION
- Hook
- Setting/Background
- Thesis Statement
2. SUPPORTING POINTS (at least 3)
- #1 Counterargument, Argument, Support
- #2 Counterargument, Argument, Support
- #3 Counterargument, Argument, Support
3. CONCLUSION
- Relates to thesis and ties supporting points together
- Provocative final statement
 
Assignment:
Complete step 1 in writing a Persuasive Essay (see samples below):
Step 1) Prewrite
* Choose a topic. (Your topic should be one you feel strongly about, that has more than one side, and that you can find evidence to support.)
* Take a position. (Begin by taking a position, but know you can change it if your evidence changes your thinking.)
* Write a simple thesis statement. (This should include your topic, your stance, and a list of possible supporting points.)
* Research the topic if necessary. (Take careful notes, gather quotes and details in support of your stance, and accurately record your sources.)
* Make an Outline using the 1-2-3 Structure above (Sample on Page 3).
Introduction - Include a thesis statement - (your topic, your stance, and a brief summary of your supporting points).
- Supporting Points - List main points for supporting paragraphs (Include corresponding arguments and counterarguments. NOTE: Present counterarguments first for a stronger essay).
- Conclusion - Relate your conclusion to your thesis, and use it to tie your supporting points together.
 
SAMPLE PERSUASIVE ESSAY
SAMPLE: Prewrite
    TOPIC: Space debris
    POSITION: We need a definitive global policy on cleaning up existing space debris and preventing it in the future.
    THESIS STATEMENT: Due to the increasing risk of space debris falling back to earth in inhabited areas or damaging orbiting spacecraft, we, as a global community, need to define and adopt a comprehensive policy that eliminates existing space debris and prevents it in the future.
    RESEARCH: NASA and other government sources plus newspaper articles.
Checked data and quotes, and noted sources to give proper credit.]
 
SAMPLE: Outline
    THESIS STATEMENT: Due to the increasing risk of space debris falling back to earth in inhabited areas or damaging orbiting spacecraft, we, as a global community, need to define and adopt a comprehensive policy that eliminates existing space debris and prevents it in the future.
LIST OF POINTS, COUNTERARGUMENTS, AND ARGUMENTS - by paragraph
    1) POINT: Space debris threatens humans on earth, Space Station COUNTER: Chance is very small; Very few people have been hit ARGUMENT: Recent threats to Space Station required intervention
    2) POINT: Space debris threatens our communications satellites COUNTER: There is very little damage percentage-wise; we can fly satellites to avoid debris
    ARGUMENT: Problem going to get worse; soon can't avoid collisions
    3) POINT: Tracking space debris costs a huge amount of time and money; we need a plan to prevent debris in the first place
    COUNTER: Making plan will cost a lot of time and money
    ARGUMENT: Plan will cost less than inevitable damage
CONCLUSION: Although the chance of humans being hit or satellites being damaged by space debris is small at this time, and the cost of preventing debris would be substantial, the space debris problem is only going to grow. Space debris will become a material threat at some point in the nottoo-distant future. The best solution is to take it on now with a global plan.
 

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