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20 Dec 2021

Given information

Tables of observed and expected data values are used in the independence test.

Step-by-step explanation

Step 1.
A contingency table of observed (data) values is used in tests of independence.
For a test of independence, the test statistic is:
 
where:
 observed values
 expected values
 the number of rows in the table
 the number of columns in the table
 

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