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Problem

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Textbook Expert
Textbook ExpertVerified Tutor
8 Nov 2021

Given information

The  change scores are:

 

Step-by-step explanation

Step 1.

Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion. 

The standard deviation of the a population a population can be estimated by sample standard deviation as sample standard is an unbiased estimator of the population standard deviation.

Let  denote the change scores.

The formula to calculate sample standard deviation is:

 

where, is the mean and is the total number o observations.

Here, .

 

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