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Overview:
In this activity you will transcribe a sequence of DNA into RNA and translate this sequence into the amino acids that form a protein. You will go through the process of Protein Synthesis to determine what protein is being made. The sequence is given below along with instructions for the assignment and some short discussion questions.
Background Information:
DNA is the genetic material in the nucleus of cells and contains the instructions for all of the processes of your body. DNA is double stranded and made of nucleotides that contain one of four bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine. DNA is very important and therefore does. not leave the nucleus. This is why mRNA is created.
  • Transcription - the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
RNA is transcribed from DNA in short segments so that it can leave the nucleus. This short, segment that is copied from DNA uses the same complementary nucleotides as DNA but in place of thymine it codes a nucleotide called uracil. The RNA goes through some cutting and splicing before leaving the nucleus as mRNA. The strand of mRNA now has only the coding portions spliced together.
  • Translation - the process of coding mRNA into amino acids that create a protein
The mRNA leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasm and floats around until it connects with a ribosome. The ribosome attaches to the 5-prime end of the mRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA in sets of 3 nucleotides called a codon. Each codon corresponds to an amino acid. As the ribosome reads a codon, tRNAs bring in the corresponding amino acid. The ribosome then attaches the amino acids in a chain as it reads the mRNA and creates a string of amino acids called a protein. There are specific codons to signal start and stop that say when a protein is complete.
Assignment:
You will transcribe a strand of DNA into RNA and then translate this RNA sequence into amino acids that form a protein. Your submission will be of the original DNA strand, the transcribed RNA, and the actual protein chain of amino acids.
 
 
2. Using the RNA strand that you transcribed, compare each codon to the chart above and translate that into the correct amino acids to create a protein. (You may write the) amino acid name or abbreviation, but do not use the letter.) What would the amino acid chain be that creates the protein?
Discussion Questions:
1. What is the purpose of mRNA?
2. Why is only part of the mRNA sequence translated into amino acids?
3. Where in the cell is DNA transcribed into mRNA?
4. What nucleotide is used only in RNA to replace a certain nucleotide in DNA?
5. Where in the cell is mRNA translated into amino acids to form a protein?
 
Biology Special Lesson: Code a Protein
Grading Rubric
 

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