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Human Anatomy and Physiology: Case Study

Before drilling on a patient’s tooth, a dentist typically gives the patient a shot of local anesthetic, such as procaine hydrochloride ( Novacain) or lidocaine (Xylocaine). The injection is given in the mouth near the location of nerves that innervate the particular tooth. When the anesthetic reaches the neurons, certain regions of the face, mouth and tongue lack sensation or become numb.

The drug works by blocking neurons communicating with the CNS. The brain is unaware of the presence of painful stimuli in the mouth.

Answer the following question concerning the mechanism of action for the numbing procedure.

The mechanism of action is due to the drug blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons.

2. Trace a sharp pain received in the right foot up the spinal cord to the cortex of the brain. ( 3 points) What white mater in the spinal cord will carry a signal from the right leg to cortex? (2 points) Where are the 1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd order neurons located? (2 points) What hemisphere will receive the message? (2 points) Trace the descending pathway, name and locate the higher and lower motor neurons. (4 points)

3. The case study states the injection will affect a nerve. What is a nerve? Explain how an impulse travels along a nerve. (Name the parts of a neuron, the processes on the neuron and the membrane channels on each segment of the neuron. 4 points)

4. Novacaine and other local anethetics work by blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels in sensory neurons. Explain what occurs if these channels are blocked. Does this drug cause a Graded potential (define) a EPSP an IPSP (define and answer) Does this drug affect the motor pathway as well? Explain ( 5 points)

5. Will a post synapse neuron be involved? Why? (3points)

Physics

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