shailesjio

shailesjio

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Shailesh vishwakarmaDePaul University

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History2English1Psychology2Computer Science1Biology5Chemistry2
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Process Mapping: Hospital Response Chain (A Question for the course of Introduction to Information System)

When someone calls 9‐1‐1, there are a series of actions and responses that get triggered, collectively known as the pre‐hospital response chain. This chain is described below.

The Call for Help

When an individual experiences a medical, they typically call 9‐1‐1 for help. It is important that the patient stays on the phone to provide the necessary information about the emergency situation. The patient relays important information to both 9‐1‐1 and the health communication centre.

9‐1‐1 Emergency Service

The 9‐1‐1 dispatcher's responsibility is to take the 9‐1‐1 call for help and determine if the situation requires police, firefighters or ambulance services. In some emergency situations, more than one service can be dispatched2. The 9‐1‐1 dispatcher also needs to identify the patient’s location so that the appropriate type of ambulance can be dispatched (land, air or water)3. To make these assessments, there are a series of questions that are asked. The patient plays an important role in answering these questions. The 9‐1‐1 dispatcher collects all of the information needed to make these assessments and enters it into the 9‐1‐1 system. Once all the pertinent information has been collected, the information and call are then immediately transferred to the health communication centre. Otherwise, the dispatcher continues to work with the patient on understanding the situation.

Health Communication Centre

The health communication centre’s (HCC) responsibility is to review the information sent by the 9‐1‐1 dispatcher and speak to the patient to assess the nature of the situation and, most importantly, prioritize the response of the ambulance services. Additional information from the patient is typically required to do so. Prioritization is key in situations where there are multiple emergency situations. If the HCC dispatcher determines that the situation is urgent, the medical and emergency information, as captured in the HCC system, is transferred to the ambulance service, and the required number of ambulances dispatched to the scene. In situations that are not considered urgent, alternative methods of transportation are then arranged.

Ambulance Service

An ambulance service has a series of responsibilities when they are dispatched. The ambulance service is alerted to the emergency via their on‐board system. Using the location information provided, the ambulance service is then responsible for ensuring the appropriate route is taken using the navigational component of their on‐board system. Depending on the weather conditions, location, and time of day, the best route may change. Once the ambulance service arrives at the scene, they are responsible for assessing the situation and determining whether the patient needs to be stabilized at the scene first. Depending on location, assessment, and priority, the ambulance service first determines which hospital is best suited for the patient. If the patient requires stabilization, the ambulance service will work with that hospital to stabilize the patient. Specifically, they speak with the doctors at the hospital using their hands‐free mobile phones to relay the status of the patient and to receive stabilization instructions. The patient is not transported until they are in a stable condition. Once the patient is stabilized, the ambulance service continues to work with the doctors to determine whether the patient’s situation is still critical and requires hospital care. If that is no longer the case, the ambulance service will return to their dispatch station and complete a vehicle and supply report and a scene report.

On route to the hospital, the ambulance service will relay all critical information to the destination hospital using their on‐board system as well as calling them to provide an updated patient status and estimated time of arrival. This enables the hospital to complete all the necessary preparations. When the ambulance service arrives at the hospital with the patient, the patient’s status is verbally transferred to the receiving physician at that hospital. At this point, the physician and team of health professionals assess and care for the patient.

After the patient transfer is complete, there are a series of reports that need to be written and submitted by the ambulance services: 1, Patient Care and Transfer Report; 2, Scene Report (if needed) 3, Patient Invoice 4, Vehicle and Supply Report

The patient care and transfer report is used by the hospital to fill in the patient chart and can be used to determine on‐going treatment. The ambulance service completes this report before leaving the hospital using their on‐board system and electronically submits it to the hospital. When this report is created, a scene report is not needed. A scene report is only created when the patient is not transferred to a local hospital, but assessment and care are provided at the scene. The scene report is for internal tracking purposes.

A patient invoice will be sent to the patient through the mail by the ambulance service: the typical cost for an ambulance service is $45 but if the receiving physician deemed the trip to be unnecessary, the bill will increase to $240. This information is provided by the physician in his verbal report to the ambulance service before they leave the hospital.

Finally, a vehicle and supply report will be created, for internal purposes, to track vehicle mileage, gas along with wear and tear. If there are any concerns with the vehicle or if maintenance is required the vehicle is sent to the fleet garage along with a paper report documenting the concerns. The vehicle is returned to the ambulance service when the repairs or maintenance are completed.

An inventory of the supplies on board the ambulance is taken and a list of the items needed to be replenished is electronically sent to the medical supplies warehouse via EDI for restocking. It is essential that those items are shipped quickly so that the ambulance is prepared for the next emergency. The ambulance always has reserves on board, but keeping those reserves replenished ensures they will not run out of supplies in an emergency situation.

Requirement: Draw the Process Map for the Hospital Chain Scenario

(Note: 1, Assume that the individual can call for 9‐1‐1 on their own. 2 In assignment we only have to focus on the land ambulance service; sub‐processes for the other services do not need to be elaborated on.)

Answer: What is the pre-hospital response chain in the hospital system and how...

Bad Fish: The Case of Tetrodotoxin

Part I – Poisoned!

One evening during a trip to Indonesia to study the recent sightings of a coelacanth, Dr. Marshall Westwood from the Montana Technical Institute sat down to a meal of pufferfish and rice. Within an hour of returning to his hotel room, he felt numbness in his lips and tongue, which quickly spread to his face and neck. Before he could call the front desk, he began to feel pains in his stomach and throat, which produced feelings of nausea and eventually severe vomiting.

Fearing he had eaten some “bad fish” for dinner, Dr. Westwood called a local hospital to describe his condition. The numbness in his lips and face made it almost impossible for him to communicate, but the hospital staff managed to at least understand the address he gave them and they sent an ambulance in response. As Dr. Westwood was rushed to the hospital, his breathing became increasingly difficult. In addition, he began to show signs of paralysis in his upper body and arms.

By the time the ambulance reached the hospital, Dr. Westwood’s face and mouth were completely paralyzed and he had an irregular heartbeat. The physicians helped by keeping his airway open, administering drugs to bring his heart back to a normal rhythm, and putting a mixture of charcoal into his stomach, which would help absorb any chemicals that might still be left there.

Within a few hours, Dr. Westwood’s condition improved and he was on his way to a full recovery. After discussing his case with his physician, he learned that he had probably been the victim of a pufferfish poisoning.

The active toxin in the tissues of this fish is a chemical called tetrodotoxin. Tetrodotoxin or (TTX) is in a class of chemicals known as neurotoxins due to the fact that it has its effects on nerve cells (neurons). Specifically, tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels.

What follows is a series of questions relating to the basic biology of this case.

Answer the following questions about the case study:

1. How many different elements are contained in a molecule of tetrodotoxin? What are the names of these elements?

2. What is a voltage-gated sodium ion channel? What is it made of? What is its function?

3. Why do sodium ions need channels in order to move into and out of cells?

4. Describe the process involved in the movement of ions through these channels.

5. When nerve cells are at rest, there is an unequal amount of positive and negative charges on either side of a nerve cell membrane. This charge difference is called an electrical potential. Describe this “potential” when the neuron is at rest (resting potential).

6. What is happening to the electrical potential of a neuron when it generates an action potential? What is the function of the action potential in neurons?

7. Describe the role of sodium ions and sodium channels in the action potential.

8. What would happen to a neuron if it were exposed to tetrodotoxin? Be specific regarding its effect on the ability of a neuron to communicate.

9. Now that you have addressed some of the basic biology of this case, explain why Dr. Westwood experienced numbness after eating the pufferfish meal.

10. Paralysis is a term used to describe the loss of function of muscle. If tetrodotoxin’s effect is on neurons, why did Dr. Westwood experience paralysis?

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