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You are given a piece of smooth muscle tissue, you stimulate it with Norepinephrine and find the muscle responds with contractions. Your hypothesis is that the muscle contraction is caused by the activation of α1 adrenergic receptors. Now you need to design an experiment protocol to test your hypothesis.

Write an experimental protocol to demonstrate your work, for each step in the protocol you write the chemical(s) you add, why you add, what result you are expecting to see e.g. contract, relax, no response. If the step is to wash the tissue with fresh PSS, then you do not need to indicate the responses.

Assume all the chemicals in the table are available to you.

You are given a piece of smooth muscle tissue, you stimulate it with Norepinephrine and find the muscle responds with contractions. Your hypothesis is that the muscle contraction is caused by the activation of α1 adrenergic receptors. Now you need to design an experiment protocol to test your hypothesis.

Background knowledge: The figure below is an experiment setup, the red tissue in the organ bath is the smooth muscle tissues. In this kind of experiment smooth muscle tissue is minimally stretched vertically by two hooks or clips in the organ bath filled with physiological saline solution (PSS). Agonist is added to the PSS to challenge the muscle tissue, muscle contraction is sensed by a force transducer at the top and force is recorded by a computer. Adding antagonist before adding agonist blocks agonist action. PSS may or may not be changed, it depends on your purposes, e.g. if you want to block a type receptors, then you do not want change PSS after you add antagonist to the PSS. Your correct step is that you add antagonist to PSS, wait some time, and add agonist, you keep both antagonist and agonist in the PSS so that you can judge if the receptor blockage by antagonist abolish the agonist action.

The key to this assignment is that you eliminate possible cross-activities of agonists. Cross-activity means an agonist activate more than one types of receptors, you need block each type of the receptor in order to see what type of the receptor is activate to cause contraction. This muscle tissue can have both αand β receptor types and their subtypes, you need to demonstrate convincingly that you only stimulate α1 receptors.

Write an experimental protocol to demonstrate your work, for each step in the protocol you write the chemical(s) you add, why you add, what result you are expecting to see e.g. contract, relax, no response. If the step is to wash the tissue with fresh PSS, then you do not need to indicate the responses.

Here is an example of the answer.

Discuss your protocol to show the relation between activation of α1 receptors and the vascular smooth muscle contraction.

The process of movement requires and interaction between muscle fibres and bone tissue to pull about a joint. Construct an information leaflet that can be used at a local Gym to explain the processes involved in muscular contraction and movement of the skeleton. In this leaflet ensure that the following points are addressed: you need to do it in a leaflet I will do it.

1) explain the mechanical process of contraction (there is no need to address nerve impulses here)

2) Analysis the roles of antagonist, agonist and synergist muscles and their contractions. This should be linked to specific examples in the body.

3) The different types of fibres that make up muscle tissue and how they work together to produce movement relating to their properties.

4) The components of skeletal muscle fibres and a comparison between them

I need to collect information and to write a full description for the following components related to “ keratin hydrogels ” topic in skin tissue engineering/ wound healing :

Abstract

Chemical structure and properties

Common uses

Mechanical properties

Swelling and degradation properties

Porosity

Scaffold fabrication methods

Advantages and disadvantages

Conclusion