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Subject-civics

Research Activity, : "What's the difference between..?"

Time to do a little internet research again. There are many kinds of local communities including boroughs, cities, counties, towns, townships, and villages. Research to find what distinguishes them apart from one another, and where these community types are most likely to be found. Write your results on a word document. Save it as an "rtf" file, and submit it to your instructor. 

What is SQL basics?

Tibetan numerals

In Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman; Tibet), numbers are formed by combining two numbers together. 11 through 19 are formed by placing the appropriate digit after the number 10. For instance, 19 is formed by suffixing the word for 9 to the word for 10. Multiples of 10 (like 90) are formed by placing the appropriate multiplier before the number 10. For instance, the word for 40 is made by prefixing 4 to the word for 10.

For this problem, determine the underlying form of each of the numerals, and the simplest set of rules needed to derive the correct surface representations. (Make sure you treat [d͡ʒ] as a single segment.) 

Alone                                   Suffixed                                        Prefixed

d͡ʒu    ‘10’                           d͡ʒugd͡ʒig    ‘11’                           ʃibd͡ʒu       ‘40’ 

d͡ʒig    ‘1’                             d͡ʒubʃi         ‘14’                          ŋabd͡ʒu     ‘50’ 

ʃi         ‘4’                             d͡ʒuŋa         ‘15’                          gubd͡ʒu     ‘90’

ŋa       ‘5’                             d͡ʒurgu        ‘19’

gu       ‘9’                              

1. For each of the following morphemes, list all of its surface form alternants. In other words, what are all the possible forms that morpheme can take?

The morpheme boundaries are not obvious, so it will not be clear yet whether some sounds belong to the root or an affix. For instance, in [d͡ʒubʃi], you can’t tell whether [b] is part of the root (e.g., [d͡ʒub]), the affix (e.g., [bʃi]), or is inserted via a rule (e.g., Ø → b / . . . ). So, entertain all the options: hypothesize that [d͡ʒub] is an alternant of ‘10’, and [bʃi] is an alternant of ‘4’, for instance. (If you get stuck, try thinking about this problem as a logic puzzle instead.)

• ‘10’:

• ‘4’:

• ‘9’:

• ‘5’:

• ‘1’:

2. Focus first on the cases where a numeral is suffixed to the morpheme for ‘10’. In some of these cases, there is an extra consonant that isn’t there when these morphemes are used in isolation.
Is the best analysis to analyze this consonant as the result of an insertion rule, or is it better to view it as part of the UR of one of the morphemes? If so, which morpheme: the root (aka the morpheme for ‘10’ in a word like [d͡ʒubʃi]) or the suffix (aka the piece that means ‘four’ in a word like [d͡ʒubʃi])?

3. Now, take a look at the cases where ‘10’ is prefixed with a numeral (like in ‘40’). In these examples, there is again a consonant that isn’t there when these are used in isolation. Can this additional consonant be the result of an insertion rule? Why not? If it’s not, what’s the better option for where it comes from?

4. Provide the UR for each of the following words in Tibetan. For the words with more than one morpheme, make sure to show where the morpheme boundary is by using a hyphen in the UR. (For instance, the UR for English unhappy would be /ʌn-hæpi/.)

• ‘10’:

• ‘4’:

• ‘9’:

• ‘5’:

• ‘1’:

• ‘14’:

• ‘19’:

• ‘15’:

• ‘11’:

• ‘40’:

• ‘90’:

• ‘50’:

5. Give a rule or set of rules that will derive the correct surface forms from the underlying forms. (It’s possible to do it in just one rule if you have the right URs.)

6. Show derivations for [ʃi], [d͡ʒubʃi], and [ʃibd͡ʒu]. Make sure to show morpheme boundaries in the UR by using a hyphen.

Evaluate each of the following integrals by u-substitution.

Maasai

Consider the data below from Maasai (Eastern Nilotic; Kenya and Tanzania), which consists of verbs marked for first person singular (I), second person singular (you), and third person singular (she/he/it) agreement. Maasai vowels show a [ ±ATR ] contrast, which is similar (but not identical to) the tense/lax distinction in a language like English. In Maasai, [i u e o] are [ +ATR ] , while [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ a] are [ −ATR ] .

1st sing.             2nd sing.                     3rd sing.                  Gloss

a-rɪk                      ɪ-rɪk                              ɛ-rɪk              ‘cause nausea’

a-ɪlɛp                    ɪ-ɪlɛp.                            ɛ-ɪlɛp                  ‘ascend’ 

a-bɔ                      ɪ-bɔl                              ɛ-bɔl                 ‘hold its mouth’

a-bʊl                     ɪ-bʊl                              ɛ-bʊl                    ‘prosper’ 

a-raɲ                    ɪ-raɲ                               ɛ-raɲ                      ‘sing’ 

a-pɛt                    ɪ-pɛt                               ɛ-pɛt                   ‘lean on’ 

a-rik                     i-rik                                 e-rik                     ‘lead it’

a-lep                    i-lep                                e-lep                   ‘milk it’

a-bol                   i-bol                                 e-bol                  ‘open it’

a-bul                   i-bul                                 e-bul                 ‘pierce it’



1. List all the alternants of the following prefixes.

• 1st singular:

• 2nd singular:

• 3rd singular:

2. What is the natural class of vowels that show an alternation in this data? Using features, characterize the prefix vowels that alternate, making sure that you distinguish those vowels from the prefix vowels that do not alternate.

3. Some of the alternants are a vowel that’s [ +ATR ] and some are a vowel that’s [ −ATR ]. For the alternating prefixes, list the first vowel that comes after it in the root. For instance, [ɪ] is the first vowel in the root after the prefixes in the words with the meaning “cause nausea.”

• After [ +ATR ] prefixes:

• After [ −ATR ] prefixes:

4. Characterize the phonological environments from the previous question using distinctive features.

• After [ +ATR ] prefixes:

• After [ −ATR ] prefixes:

5. First, state in plain language how the vowel in the prefix gets its specification for [ ±ATR ]. When is the vowel [ +ATR ], and when is it [−ATR]? Just a sentence or two is fine, but be sure to use technical vocabulary when appropriate.

6. Now, write a rule in formal notation describing the alternation using the information you’ve learned above. You will probably need to write an α-rule.

7. The UR for the first person prefix is clearly /a/, since it does not alternate. What about the second and third person prefixes? From this data, is it possible to decide which alternant is the UR (e.g. is it /e/ or /ɛ/ for the third person prefix)? Explain your reasoning.

Subject-civics

"Is it fair or not?"

Make a post to the discussion board deciding and defending whether it is fair or not that an accused individual has to remain in jail for months while he or she is awaiting trial. Remember, our laws state that you are innocent till proven guilty.  Next, respond to a classmate whether you agree with his or her opinion. Why or why not?  

Using these sources answer the 3 questions:

CBC. A look back at Canada’s tainted blood scandal. 2013 Oct 4. [accessed 2023 Feb 18]; [6 paragraphs]. 

Picard A. 2017 Nov 28. Have we forgotten the lessons of the tainted blood scandal? [accessed 2023 Feb 18]; [10 points]. 

Sher G. 2019 Jan 9. Today’s blood system: no longer unsafe or “unspeakable”. [accessed 2023 Feb 18]; [7 paragraphs]. 

Spurgeon D. 2005. Canadian Red Cross apologised for distributing HIV infected blood. BMJ. [accessed 2023 Feb 18]; 330(7504): 1349. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.330.7504.1349-a 

1. Do you think there should have been more consequences for the Canadian Red Cross? What are your thoughts on what was imposed or what else would you have wanted to happen?
2. How do you think the shortfalls and errors made by the Canadian Red Cross could have been prevented?
3. Do you think the Canadian Red Cross handled the situation well? What should they have done differently?