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In the United States, around 100,000 people are waiting for a kidney transplant. Many who are waiting must undergo dialysis treatment to survive. In 2014, 4,761 patients died waiting, and 3,668 became too sick to receive a transplant.' Transplant kidneys often come from deceased organ donors or living donors who are a relative or friend of a patient.

In some cases, a patient may receive a kidney from an altruistic donor, someone who volunteers to donate a kidney without any personal knowledge of the patient. Almost all of us can be healthy with just one kidney, and kidney donation does not change the donor's life expectancy or risk of developing kidney disease. As with any surgery, there are risks, including bleeding and infection. Death resulting from giving a kidney is extremely rare.?

In 2006, Paul Wagner donated a kidney to a total stranger. He had learned about a website called MatchingDonors.com, which helps match people in need of a kidney transplant with altruistic donors. The website includes photos and messages from patients seeking donors. It was there that Wagner found Gail Tomas Willis, a music teacher and mother of two, whose message read, "desperately need your help to live." Wagner felt immediately compelled to help her, saying, "This was a real human being who had a family and whose family wanted to keep their mother. And I just couldn't turn my back on that." Donating a kidney to a stranger seems immensely self-sacrificing, but many donors don't think so. One donor, Kimberly Brown-Whale, thinks everyone should consider it, saying:

We can do more than we think we can. If you're sitting around with a good kidney you're not using, why can't someone else have it? For a couple of days of discomfort, someone else is going to be freed from dialysis and be able to live a full life. Gosh, I've had flus that made me feel worse.

1.How could a psychological egoist explain the actions of altruistic kidney donors, who seem to be motivated by something other than self-interest?

2.Is anyone ever morally obligated to donate a kidney to some-one? Why or why not?

3.According to ethical egoism, is anyone ever morally obligated to donate a kidney to a stranger, or even a close family member? Why or why not?

4.According to relativism, is anyone ever morally obligated to donate a kidney to someone? Why or why not?

Find the total areas in the shaded regions.

Y=x²

x+y=2