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How many pounds did William lose? William lost (352 - 187) = 165 pounds. How m...

Table 1

Ā 

A

B

C

Gross domestic product, GDP

Ā 

6225

Ā 

Consumption, C

4262.5

Ā 

5915

Investment, I

1162.5

Ā 

Ā 

Government spending, G

Ā 

1380

Ā 

Taxes, T

Ā 

Ā 

1352

Exports of goods and services, EX

Ā 

Ā 

Ā 

Imports of goods and services, IM

Ā 

Ā 

Ā 

Private saving, SP

Ā 

Ā 

Ā 

Public saving, SG

Ā 

0

Ā 

National saving, S

Ā 

Ā 

Ā 

Net unilateral transfer

0

0

0

Current account, CA

Ā 

Ā 

Ā 

Sales of countryā€™s financial assets to foreign residents

Ā 

Ā 

3190

Purchases of foreign financial assets by domestic residents

3115

Ā 

Ā 

Official reserve transactions, ORT

Ā 

Ā 

ā€“ 390

Financial account, KA

Ā 

ā€“ 550

Ā 

Capital account

Ā 

Ā 

Ā 

Ā 

Ā 

Country-specific information:

Country A:

  • The households consume 55% of the countryā€™s output.
  • A has twin deficits and the size of (each) deficit is 10% of the countryā€™s output.
  • The sales of Aā€™s products to B are worth 1550, while the purchases of Bā€™s products by A are worth 3280.
  • The value of financial assets sold to Cā€™s residents is equal to 1945.

Ā 

Country B:

  • Private consumption represents 60% of GDP.
  • The government of B runs a balanced budget.
  • The central bank of B does not buy or sell any of its official reserves.
  • The amount of financial assets purchased by the residents of B from the residents of A reaches 1810, while the amount of financial assets purchased from the residents of C is 1853.

Ā 

Country C:

  • Public savings and private savings are equal to 169 and 1183 respectively.
  • C sells 1370 worth of final products to A.
  • The level of Cā€™s products purchased by B is 1165.
  • Residents of C receive (net) asset transfers of 255 and 225 from residents of A and B respectively. No market transactions are involved in these transfers.Ā 

Ā 

Other information:

  • The central banks of all three countries do not make any transaction with the private sector. In other words, the central banks only make transactions with other countriesā€™ monetary authorities.

Ā 

Complete the above table.Ā 

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This question is related to the article " Inflation, recession and the perils of overtightening ", The Globe and Mail, November 14, 2022.

 

Source: Parkinson, D. (2022). Inflation, recession and the perils of overtightening: The office of the parliamentary budget officer decided to crunch the numbers to estimate what would happen if the bank of canada overstepped with its rate increases. surprisingly, it might not make much difference in wiping out inflation any faster.

 

Links: or

 

Note:

  • Use your own words; DO NOT PLAGIARIZE from the article.
  • Type and print your answer (i.e., hand-written answer will NOT be accepted).
  • Use full sentences (not point forms and abbreviation) to answer this question.

Failure to do one of the above might result in a grade of ZERO for the whole question.

 

  1. In attempt to tame inflation, the Bank of Canada (BOC) has raised interest rate seven times in 2022 (as of December 7, 2022, the overnight is 4.25%). In theory, an increase in interest rate can help to lower inflation rate or to slowdown the increase in inflation rate.  Explain the effect of an increase in interest rate in the foreign exchange market and how the subsequent change in exchange rate can help to tame inflation.  (5 points)
  2. The article mentioned that the Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) tried to estimate what would happen to the Canadian economy if the BOC ran an overtightening monetary policy.
  • What does overtightening monetary policy mean? (3 points)
  • According to the PBO, what are the potential effects of an overtightening monetary policy on the Canadian economy? (7 points)
  1. In the latter part of the article, it mentioned that the unexpected and unpleasant finding by the PBO was the interest rate hikes by the BOC would not have major impact on the country’s inflation rate since recent economic developments might offset the attempts by the BOC’s disinflationary attempt. Identify those factors and explain how they might reduce the effectiveness of the BOC’s effort to lower inflation rate.  (10 points)
An increase in interest rates makes a country's currency more attractive to fo...
False. The statement is not entirely accurate. An increase in foreign money de...

Suppose you are working for an international investment firm, and you observe that the annualized return for 3-year Australian corporate bonds is 2.83% while and the annualized 3-year French corporate bonds is 3.58%.

 

  1. You get the following quotes:

EA$/€ = 1.3653

3-year forward rate: FA$/€, 3-year = 1.3894

Is there any arbitrage opportunity?  If yes, what would you do?  If not, why?  Explain.  (8 points)

Note:  Assume your firm does not have any funds denominated in A$ and € and remember to do the interest rate conversion into appropriate time period (use the simple compounding method to covert annualized interest rate to the appropriate time period).

  1. Suppose your firm can move the markets (i.e., change the spot exchange rate, the forward exchange rate, and the corporate bond yields in both countries), what happens to these four variables after the transactions you carried in part (a)? Explain in words.  (8 points)
  2. Find the A$/€ spot rate such that your firm will be indifferent between holding the Australian corporate bonds and the French corporate bonds. (4 points)

 

Note:

  • Keep your answers to 4 decimal points if needed.
  • This question requires you to use the precise form of covered interest rate parity.
  • Instead of the assumption made in class (individuals are small players and cannot affect the exchange rates and interest rates), the firm in this question is a LARGE player that has the ability to change the exchange rates and the corporate interest rates when it carries transactions in the spot exchange market, the forward exchange market, and corporate bonds markets in Australia and France.
  • Use the subscripts “A” and “F” to represent all the variables and terms used for Australia and France respectively in your written explanation. You must use these notations; otherwise, you will receive a grade of ZERO for the whole question. 
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Consider two economies, Home and Foreign.  The DC/FC exchange is determined by the asset approach to the exchange rate.

 

Both countries are identical in the following ways:

  • Production function is given a typical Cobb-Douglas function: Y = AKαL(1-α).
  • The (real) money demand is given by hY – kR,

where     h = fraction of income held in the form of money, 1> h > 0

k = sensitivity of money demand (MD) to a change in (nominal) interest rate. 

 

Home and Foreign differ in the following ways:

 

Home

Foreign

Level of total factor productivity

4

1

Supply of capital

50625

40000

Supply of labour

10000

62500

Capital’s share of income

0.25

0.5

Nominal money supply

67200

28080

Fraction of income held in the form of money

20%

30%

Sensitivity of MD to a change in (nominal) interest rate

8000

8000

Long-run nominal interest rate

10%

12%

 

Note: 

  • Quote the exchange rate as EDC/FC.
  • Interest rates are expressed in decimal points (i.e., if R = 0.1, then it is interpreted as 10%).
  • Keep your answer to at least 4 decimal points.

 

  1. Initially, both countries are in their respective long-run equilibrium.  Find the long-run levels of prices in both countries and the DC/FC exchange rate if the (initial) expected DC/FC exchange rate is given by the ratio of domestic price level to foreign price level.  (6 points)

 

Suppose there are permanent changes in the domestic money market such that the central bank of Home shrinks its balance sheet.  As such, the level of money supply changes by 10%.  At the same time, the sensitivity of (domestic) money demand (MD) to a change in (nominal) interest rate changes to 6000.  In addition, any permanent change will cause the market the to revise their expected exchange rate by 0.3474 DC per FC. 

  1. Find the short-run equilibrium DC/FC exchange rate. (5 points)
  2. Find the new long-run equilibrium levels of prices in both countries and the DC/FC exchange rate. (4 points).
  3. Now, suppose the central bank of Foreign finds the change in the short-run exchange rate in part (b) undesirable and wants to keep it EDC/FC at 1.75 via a temporary change in monetary policy. Is it possible for the foreign central bank to achieve this goal?  Yes/No, explain.  (5 points)
Long-run equilibrium: To find the long-run equilibrium levels of prices, we ne...

Planet Economics consists of three countries only; they are A, B and C.  Table 1 provides some macroeconomic data for these countries.

 

Table 1

 

A

B

C

Gross domestic product, GDP

 

6225

 

Consumption, C

4262.5

 

5915

Investment, I

1162.5

 

 

Government spending, G

 

1380

 

Taxes, T

 

 

1352

Exports of goods and services, EX

 

 

 

Imports of goods and services, IM

 

 

 

Private saving, SP

 

 

 

Public saving, SGC

 

0

 

National saving, S

 

 

 

Net unilateral transfer

0

0

0

Current account, CA

 

 

 

Sales of country’s financial assets to foreign residents

 

 

3190

Purchases of foreign financial assets by domestic residents

3115

 

 

Official reserve transactions, ORT

 

 

– 390

Financial account, KA

 

– 550

 

Capital account

 

 

 

Note:  Empty cell only means the data is not given in the question, it does not mean the variable takes a value of zero. 

 

Country-specific information:

Country A:

  • The households consume 55% of the country’s output.
  • A has twin deficits and the size of (each) deficit is 10% of the country’s output.
  • The sales of A’s products to B are worth 1550, while the purchases of B’s products by A are worth 3280.
  • The value of financial assets sold to C’s residents is equal to 1945.

 

Country B:

  • Private consumption represents 60% of GDP.
  • The government of B runs a balanced budget.
  • The central bank of B does not buy or sell any of its official reserves.
  • The amount of financial assets purchased by the residents of B from the residents of A reaches 1810, while the amount of financial assets purchased from the residents of C is 1853.

 

Country C:

  • Public savings and private savings are equal to 169 and 1183 respectively.
  • C sells 1370 worth of final products to A.
  • The level of C’s products purchased by B is 1165.
  • Residents of C receive (net) asset transfers of 255 and 225 from residents of A and B respectively. No market transactions are involved in these transfers. 

 

Other information:

  • The central banks of all three countries do not make any transaction with the private sector. In other words, the central banks only make transactions with other countries’ monetary authorities.

 

Complete the above table.  You are not required to provide explanation to your answer for this question; however, you should understand the logic behind the entry of each cell so that you can work on similar questions in the future.

Given the information in Table 1 and the country-specific information, we can ...

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