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11 Dec 2019

Supersoftware, Inc. earns a total of $85 million each year to pay out to their 2 million shareholders. They are in a very competitive business and have found it a struggle to come up with new ideas. They have however just uncovered a new innovation that will involve a one-time investment one year from now (t = 1) of $115 million for a system upgrade, resulting in extra cash flows that will stay constant at $14 million per year starting the following year (t = 2) and lasting forever. If Supersoftware's cost of equity capital (the discount rate for equity) is 14.5%, by how much will this new idea change their price per share? Draw time line to understand what is going on. (Enter just the number in dollars without the $ sign or a comma and round off decimals to the closest integer, i.e., rounding $30.49 down to $30 and rounding $30.50 up to $31.)

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Viento Windmills is a utility that charges customers for their wind generated electricity. With their current technology, they earn a total of $35 million each year to pay out to their 3 million shareholders. While their geographic footprint is fixed and we can't expect the climate to get progressively windier over time, they do have an opportunity to invest in technology that will more efficiently extract the wind energy and thus produce more megawatts to sell to customers. A one-time investment one year from now (t = 1) of $19 million for a state of the art lubricant system for the windmills will lead to extra cash flows that stay constant at $10 million per year starting the following year (t = 2) and lasting forever. If Viento plans to make the investment and cost of equity capital (the discount rate for equity) is 8.5%, calculate the increase or decrease in the share price of Viento as a result of this decision. Draw time line to understand what is going on.

Scenario: Your team has been hired to provide financial analysis for a start-up company, Bobble in Style, which produces customized bobble heads. The bobble heads are made out of less rigid materials and are more true to life than those of competitors. The company inventors, Mr. and Mrs. Lee, are going to pitch their idea to Shark Tank in a few months, but first they need to have a better understanding of the business financials. The Lee’s are already creating and selling their product from their home-based office and work area. They know what costs are involved with making the bobble heads on a small scale, but they don’t have an understanding of financial figures beyond basic costs. They need you to make sense of various financial figures for them.

1. Financial Statements: Develop an Income Statement, Cash Flow Statement, and Balance Sheet based on the provided data for year 20XX (the previous year) that follows. Explain the purpose of each financial statement.

a. Income Statement Data for 20XX:

* Gross Sales = $33,291

* Coupons and Discounts = $549

*Cost of Goods = $10,276

* Labor = $0 (Mr. and Mr. Lee were the only ones working and did not pay themselves)

* advertising fees =$2000

* bank fees = $120

* phone/internet = $1200

* shipping = $1380

* utilities = $900

* office supplies = $785

* Income tax = 26 %

B. Cash Flow Statement Data for 20XX:

* Cash in bank = $21,120

* Depreciation = $800

* Proceeds from disposal of investment = $3,000

* Capital Expenditure = -$1,600

* Repayment of Bank Loan = -$5,000

* Interest Expense Associated with Bank Loan = -$345

* Consider any data relevant from the income statement.

C. Balance Sheet Data for 20XX:

* Cash = $21,120

* Accounts Receivable = $496

* Accounts Payable = $200

* Inventory = $10,507

* Accumulated Depreciation = -$1,000

* Common Stock = $0

2. Financial Ratios: Calculate the following financial ratios and explain the meaning of the results.

a. Net Profit Margin

b. Quick Ratio

c. Debt-to-Equity Ratio

3. Cost Classification: The Lee’s have provided you with the following costs and relevant information that are assumed for year 20XY. Classify the costs as variable costs or fixed costs. Explain the importance of distinguishing between variable and fixed costs. If business is expected to be steady from month to month, provide a monthly budget based on these figures.

a. Advertising Fees = $4,000

b. Labor = $400/month

One part-time employee will be hired to take care of packaging and shipping. This employee will be paid $10 per hour. He or she is estimated to work 40 hours total per month.

c. Packaging Supplies = $3,000

d. Office Supplies = $800

e. Phone and Internet Service = $115/month

f. Product Supplies = $9,000

g. Shipping Fees = $1,000/month

h. Conference Exhibitor Fee = $3,000

i. Travel Expenses for Conference (e.g. airfare, meals, taxi) = $1,200

j. Utilities for the Home Workshop = $105/month

4. Net Present Value: The Lees are considering adding a new piece of equipment that will speed up the process of building the bobble heads. The cost of the piece of equipment is $42,000. It is expected that the new piece of equipment will lead to cash flows of $17,000, $29,000, and $40,000 over the next 3 years. If the appropriate discount rate is 12%, what is the NPV of this investment? Explain the findings.

5. Budget Preparation: The Lees believe that there production could quadruple in one month after being on Shark Tank. They want to be prepared for this. Based on the monthly budget calculated above, create a new monthly budget for quadrupled production. Assume that 70 units were produced in the first budget and 280 units will be produced per month with the new budget.

6. Incremental Analysis: If production does increase dramatically after their presentation on Shark Tank, the Lees will need more space for production. They have two options. Option 1 is to rent out a spacious warehouse nearby. If they pursue this option, there rent will be $1,200 per month and utilities are estimated to cost an additional $350 per month. Their second option, Option 2, is to rent a smaller storefront space that is also nearby. The storefront rent is $1350 per month. However, utilities will likely only cost an additional $150 per month. They want to compare their options over one year’s time (since each rental contract is a 1 year commitment). What is the incremental analysis if the Lees choose Option 1 over Option 2?

7. Break-Even Analysis: You have been asked to calculate how many units need to be sold to break even, based on the costs provided in task #3. Assume that only one conference will be attended and the estimated expenses associated with this conference are on target. Also assume that the value for total units per year is based on sales of 70 units per month. Therefore total units sold per year are 840. The selling price per unit is $79.

8. Contribution Margin: Based on the Break-Even Analysis just performed, what is the contribution margin per unit?

Short Story

Our efforts to materially increase the normalized earnings of Berkshire will be aided – as they have been throughout our managerial tenure – by America’s economic dynamism. One word sums up our country’s achievements: miraculous. From a standing start 240 years ago – a span of time less than triple my days on earth – Americans have combined human ingenuity, a market system, a tide of talented and ambitious immigrants, and the rule of law to deliver abundance beyond any dreams of our forefathers.

You need not be an economist to understand how well our system has worked. Just look around you. See the 75 million owner-occupied homes, the bountiful farmland, the 260 million vehicles, the hyper-productive factories, the great medical centers, the talent-filled universities, you name it – they all represent a net gain for Americans from the barren lands, primitive structures and meager output of 1776. Starting from scratch, America has amassed wealth totaling $90 trillion.

It’s true, of course, that American owners of homes, autos and other assets have often borrowed heavily to finance their purchases. If an owner defaults, however, his or her asset does not disappear or lose its usefulness. Rather, ownership customarily passes to an American lending institution that then disposes of it to an American buyer. Our nation’s wealth remains intact. As Gertrude Stein put it, “Money is always there, but the pockets change.”

Above all, it’s our market system – an economic traffic cop ably directing capital, brains and labor – that has created America’s abundance. This system has also been the primary factor in allocating rewards. Governmental redirection, through federal, state and local taxation, has in addition determined the distribution of a significant portion of the bounty.

America has, for example, decided that those citizens in their productive years should help both the old and the young. Such forms of aid – sometimes enshrined as “entitlements” – are generally thought of as applying to the aged. But don’t forget that four million American babies are born each year with an entitlement to a public education. That societal commitment, largely financed at the local level, costs about $150,000 per baby. The annual cost totals more than $600 billion, which is about 31⁄2% of GDP.

However our wealth may be divided, the mind-boggling amounts you see around you belong almost exclusively to Americans. Foreigners, of course, own or have claims on a modest portion of our wealth. Those holdings, however, are of little importance to our national balance sheet: Our citizens own assets abroad that are roughly comparable in value.

Early Americans, we should emphasize, were neither smarter nor more hard working than those people who toiled century after century before them. But those venturesome pioneers crafted a system that unleashed human potential, and their successors built upon it.

This economic creation will deliver increasing wealth to our progeny far into the future. Yes, the build-up of wealth will be interrupted for short periods from time to time. It will not, however, be stopped. I’ll repeat what I’ve both said in the past and expect to say in future years: Babies born in America today are the luckiest crop in history.

America’s economic achievements have led to staggering profits for stockholders. During the 20th century the Dow-Jones Industrials advanced from 66 to 11,497, a 17,320% capital gain that was materially boosted by steadily increasing dividends. The trend continues: By yearend 2016, the index had advanced a further 72%, to 19,763.

American business – and consequently a basket of stocks – is virtually certain to be worth far more in the years ahead. Innovation, productivity gains, entrepreneurial spirit and an abundance of capital will see to that. Ever-present naysayers may prosper by marketing their gloomy forecasts. But heaven help them if they act on the nonsense they peddle.

Question:
Describe Buffett’s reasons for optimism about America and its economy.

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