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How do Glucagon and insulin influence the metabolism of major energy nutrients? (Terms that should be included in this discussion: glucose, glycogen, phosphorylase, lipase, triglycerides, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, diabetes)

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Related questions

1. A strain of mice has been developed that lack the enzyme phosphorylase kinase.
Despitethis, after strenuous exercise, glycogen is still broken down. Explain how
this is possible.


2. The complete oxidation of G6P derived from glucose yields 1 less ATP than G6P
derived from glycogen. Explain why.

3. Type 2 diabetes is a condition characterized by insulin resistance and high blood
glucose concentration. Research is underway to develop inhibitors of glycogen
phosphoryalse as a possible treatment. What is the rationale for this trategy and
what is one potential problem with this approach (consider the organs that have
phosphorylase)?


4. The active site of phosphorylase is hydrophobic so that water cannot get in.
What is the biochemical reason for wanting to exclude water from the active site?

1.one molecule of dietary glucose can be oxidizedthrough glycolysis and the citric

acid cycle to generate a maximum of 32 molecules ofATP. Calculate the fraction of this

energy that is lost when the glucose is stored as glycogenbefore it is catabolized.

2.

A sample of glycogen from a patient with liverdisease is incubated with P

i, normal

glycogen phosphorylase, and normal debranchingenzyme. The ratio of G1P to glucose

formed in the reaction mixture is 100. What is thepatient�s most probable enzymatic

deficiency?

1. 1 pt. During a marathon run (26.2 mile) the body depends on aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis and on oxidation of fats for energy. However, energy derived from carbohydrates occurs faster and is done first.

a) For running at any speed the muscles require about 110 cal/mi. What is the total amount of energy needed to run a marathon (express in kJ)?

b) The average human (150 lb total weight and leg muscle 21% of total weight) has about 13 g of available carbohydrates (as glucose/glycogen) stored in leg muscle. If that is used in anaerobic glycolysis, how much energy is produced? Is that enough to complete the marathon?

c) If the 13 g glucose/glycogen were metabolized through aerobic glycolysis, what energy is produced? Is that enough to complete the marathon?

d) For most runners, a “WALL” is hit at about 2/3 to 7/8 of the way through the marathon. The wall is immense fatigue that can slow the pace of the run. What do you think might be the physiological reason for hitting the wall.

e) Elite marathoners usually do not have a problem with the wall. What factors can contribute to their efficient energy production?

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