BIOL3044 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Zygosity, Frequency Distribution, Statistical Hypothesis Testing

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indigobat594

13 Nov 2021

School

Dalhousie University

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL3044

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General mechanism for exploring sources of variance: anova. General goal is to figure out how much variance is accounted for by: group deviations from the mean (overall average of the population) Special reference to vg (the groups that share genotypes) and ve (environmental deviations that are not related to genotype) When we have 3 different genotypes at a gene that affects some trait, the 3 genotypes might have different averages but there is some variation within each genotype (some. Aa" homozygote has a larger phenotype than another aa" homozygote individual) Trait variance is a mix of distributions: genetic among genotypes (aa vs aa, environmental within genotypes (aa vs another. Undoing that mix of distributions is analysis of variance: how much of the variance is attributable to differences within the groups vs the variance between the groups. Recall: deviations can be broken down into their contributing source.

Related Questions

Suppose a starting population contained six individuals. Each pair of individuals had a different genetic makeup (genotype) from the others (genotypes: G-1, G-2, and G-3). The genotypes vary with respect to reproductive rate and offspring survival. Suppose G-1 has 8 offspring that survive to reproduce, G-2 produces only 4 surviving offspring over its lifespan, and G-3 leaves 12 surviving offspring.

a) If the average individual produces 8 offspring by the end of its lifespan, will the reproductive differences among genotypes alter the population growth rate?

b) How would the reproductive differences among genotypes alter the genetic composition of the population by T9? And by T500? (Assuming at T0 we start with one individual of each genotype.)

c) Suppose that the genotypes have the same birth rates as shown above at low density, but genotypes 1 and 3 experience greater effects of density dependence on birth rate than 2. What might happen to the relative frequency of this genotype by T500?

graycicada41

1. (Problem 2) Why is the relation between genotype and phenotype frequently complex for quantitative characteristics?

Multiple genes are involved.
The alleles are usually recessive.
The environment often influences the phenotype.
Answers A and B are both correct.
Answers A and C are both correct.

2. (Problem 6) How is the standard deviation related to the variance?

The standard deviation is the difference between the mean and the variance.
The standard deviation is the square of the variance.
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.
The standard deviation is the square root of the difference between the mean and the variance.
The standard deviation is the square of the difference between the mean and the variance.

3. (Problem 7) What information does the correlation coefficient provide about the association between two variables?

How strongly two variables are associated
The difference in the mean values of two variables
The magnitude of the difference between two variables
The difference in standard deviation between two variables
The extent to which each variable deviates from its mean

4. (Problem 10) Narrow-sense heritability is due to what type of genetic variance?

Additive
Environmental
Genic interaction
Dominance
Genetic by environment interaction

pearcat127

Diagram a cross between a true breeding pea plant that produces yellow seeds (G/G) with one that produces green seeds (g/g). Carry the cross out to the F2 generation. Answer the following questions:

What was the F1 genotype and phenotype?

What kinds of gametes could the F1 individuals produce?

What were the F2 genotypes and phenotypes, and in what ratios would you expect each to occur?

Diagram a cross between a true breeding pea plant that produces round seeds and purple flowers, with one that produces wrinkled seeds and white flowers. (Round and purple are the dominant traits.) Carry the cross out to the F2 generation. Answer the following questions:

What are the P1 genotypes?

What is the F1 genotype and phenotype?

What kinds of gametes will the F1 individuals produce?

What are the F2 genotypes and phenotypes?

What genotypic and phenotypic ratios are expected in the F2 progeny?

Diagram a cross between a true breeding pea plant that produces yellow seeds (G/G) and purple flowers (W/W) with one that produces green seeds (g/g) and white flowers (w/w). Carry the cross out to the F2 generation. Answer the following questions:

What was the F1 genotype and phenotype?

What kinds of gametes could the F1 individuals produce?

What were the F2 genotypes and phenotypes, and in what ratios would you expect each to occur?

Diagram a test cross of the F1 individuals from the question above, with the homozygous recessive parent strain. What genotypes and phenotypes would you expect in the testcross progeny, and in what ratios?

If you had a fruitfly with phenotype A, what test would you make to determine if it was Aa or AA? Explain the different outcomes expected if the fly in question is AA or Aa.

If individuals of genotype AaBbCc are intercrossed:

How many different genotypes can occur in their progeny? How many different phenotypes can occur in the progeny?

orangecrow253

BIOL3044 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Zygosity, Frequency Distribution, Statistical Hypothesis Testing

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